It is of particular concern because of Lindane Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control The direct causes of death for the other cases were attributed to reasons other than lindane. Wash hands before eating. Nausea. [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. 0000003791 00000 n [27] Similar findings were noted by U.S. Geologic Survey teams in 1999 and 2000. Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. United Nations Environment Programme - POPs Inhalation risk [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. (B) Bulk packages with a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons); or. with the financial assistance of the European Commission. Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net [15], The current FDA-approved product labeling emphasizes that lindane medications are contraindicated for use in premature infants and individuals with known uncontrolled seizure disorders and should be used with caution in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg) as they may be at risk of serious neurotoxicity. FDA-approved for the second-line treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs) and head lice. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. Decomposes on heating and on burning. Larger than the issue of lindane toxicity are concerns related to the non-gamma isomers of HCH, namely alpha-HCH and beta-HCH, which are notably more toxic than lindane. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. 0000047710 00000 n Diarrhoea. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. 0000002858 00000 n Further see Ingestion. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. Lindane (Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane) - US EPA Effects of short-term exposure The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "Moderately Hazardous," and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. Marine pollutants or environmentally hazardous substances are materials that can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Marine pollutant is a term mainly used by IMDG code while the term " environmentally hazardous substances " are used by other dangerous goods regulations such as ADR and IATA. Lindane - Wikipedia People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. A recent analysis concluded that a majority of pediatricians had not experienced problems treating lice or scabies since that ban took effect. [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. Purpose Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (-, - and - (Lindane)) were recently included as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention, and therefore, the legacy of HCH and Lindane production became a contemporary topic of global relevance. %PDF-1.4 % xref Access to page content (press "Enter") Lindane and Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. CFR Title 49. Transportation 49 CFR 172.101, App. B Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine [18], Canadas Pest Management Regulatory Agency phased out of all agricultural uses of lindane between 2000 and 2005 due to concerns of chronic occupational exposure and risks to workers during seed treatment and planting. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. Current as of October 03, 2022 | Updated by FindLaw Staff. It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. [6] The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on LINDANE A REVIEW OF TOXICITY AND People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. Lindane has adverse effects on 0000050404 00000 n 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Lindane Bioremediation Capability Web4-methylbenzylidene camphor. In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants considers the use of lindane in agriculture as largely redundant, with other, less toxic and less persistent pesticides. [1] Vomiting and nausea are usual symptoms associated with oral ingestions of lindane but serious neurologic effects can occur, albeit less frequently. That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the Lindane has been used in the U.S. for more than 60 years, both in healthcare and in agriculture. (3) Transitional exception. Rest. WebLINDANE ICSC: 0053 IMPORTANT DATA PHYSICAL STATE; APPEARANCE: ODOURLESS, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER CHEMICAL DANGERS: On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming toxic and corrosive fumes including phosgene and hydrogen chloride. Abstract. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. NRDC: When the Treatment is Toxic - Pesticides in Head For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. This may result in convulsions. Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. [4][25] The latter includes the U.S. and Canada, which support public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane but no longer allow agricultural applications. [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. 0000000736 00000 n A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III, Prepared by an international group of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO, Exposure to large amounts of lindane can negatively affect the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. Headache. (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. For example, warfarin is used as a rodenticide to poison mice and rats (e.g., Kaput, D-Con) but is also formulated for medical use as an oral anticoagulant or "blood thinner" to treat patients with heart attacks, strokes and other clot-related disorders (e.g., Coumadin). For materials described using UN3077, Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. and UN3082, Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, n.o.s., see 172.102(c)(1), special provision 441 for additional provisions; and. 0000003168 00000 n PIC Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. 0000001466 00000 n Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. [15] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Lindane has not been shown to alter immunocompetence in humans and is not considered to be genotoxic. 104 0 obj <> endobj Toxicity of lindane induced by oxidative stress and intestinal Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. Lindane trailer [7][8][9] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also includes lindane medications in their Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines as viable treatment alternatives for the management of scabies and pubic lice, consistent with the approved prescription labeling for these products. It is highly toxic to fish and honeybees and moderately toxic to most Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. 0000003215 00000 n This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. Exposure could cause death. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. Previous work showed that Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 degrades lindane and that, in the presence of the pesticide, %PDF-1.6 % Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. [34], In response to Morton Grove's complaint, the Ecology Center defendants moved to dismiss the case based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction. eCFR :: 49 CFR 171.4 -- Marine pollutants. Routes of exposure [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. Your browser does not support JavaScript. Long-term toxicity of lindane through oxidative stress and cell Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE. The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. WebThe concentration addition model was applied to determine whether toxicity of two compounds, phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and lindane That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the northern front range from "serious" to "severe." %%EOF To explore the toxic effects of lindane and the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity, the animal model Caenorhabditis Refer immediately for medical attention. xb```"cV @16$!Lvr p'wO'w6%nY38rg?&')(Iq^ YNH(Hinthr;.5. <<77808EBE95D8C749B7A9AFF580CD8412>]>> (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant must -, (1) Be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark on at least two opposing sides or two ends other than the bottom if the packaging has a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons). $>. Reacts with bases. ];pGvZo~z8i##N7M3|cruvx}qLY^*PqoWU-;yr$z:9~sro?6N9iC0Y 6)?S9xwQ(elU[3+s]q-{ Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. (2) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark shall be placed in association with the hazard warning labels required by subpart E of this part or, in the absence of any labels, in association with the marked proper shipping name. Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. WebThe table located at Appendix B to 172.101, List of Marine Pollutants, contains two columns. "[14], The most common side effects associated with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. 0000002475 00000 n 89 0 obj <>stream This substance does enter the environment under normal use. [1] hYio+QB L` EDl+b?5 %U`{W5=;" C*LOu3],5K1v)v..%S]*&dc?>|]^+}.{|xu}>_]_og|Sn6?8WagnsyY~9,6lY|y /7buvx|~\^sgd_ yr|t1g/7o_7:E}stm"(:KjuygEwq^|_]. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal. 0000003713 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n Lindane The symbol and border must be black on a white or suitable contrasting background. (Note: These events represent the most common reported to the FDA and do not represent the most common events associated with the use of lindane lotion and lindane shampoo overall). (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. The most common reports to the FDA were "drug ineffective," followed by convulsions, dermatitis and dizziness. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agencys Cancer Assessment Review Committee for lindane downgraded the carcinogenic classification of lindane from possible to suggestive evidence, concluding that the data did not support the need for further study of the carcinogenic risks in humans. Interpretation Response | PHMSA They are second line treatments, meaning they are prescribed only when first-line therapies have failed, cannot be tolerated or are otherwise contraindicated. This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. Not combustible. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. [7] [17] When used properly, lindane medications are safe and effective for the diseases they are approved. WebLindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. [1] (1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: (i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or, (ii) A net mass of 5 kg (11 pounds) or less for solids. Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. WebTherefore, if: (1) p-Dodecylphenol is a synonym to Dodecylphenol; and (2) the concentration of Dodecylphenol in the solution is at least one percent by weight, then the answer would be yes and "Lubrizol 9222R" would appear to be a marine pollutant. The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Severe Severe Marine Pollutants - ReadyGo Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. 0000001244 00000 n Find out how LUMITOS supports you with online marketing. The most common side effects are nonserious reactions of the skin (e.g., burning, itching, dryness and rash). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Subtitle B - Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, CHAPTER I - PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SUBCHAPTER C - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, AND SECURITY PLANS. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. 125 0 obj <>stream [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. (i) At least 100 mm (3.9 inches) as measured from the outside of the lines forming the border for marks applied to: (A) Non-bulk packages, except in the case of packages which, because of their size, can only bear smaller marks. ILO and WHO 2021. [4][5] This is not unlike other medications where the active ingredient has other non-healthcare applications. Each side of the mark must be -. The MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: (2) The marking must be in the form of a square-on-point. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. Chemical dangers WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. Carefully collect remainder. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. Lindane WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Perspectives of lindane (-hexachlorocyclohexane) [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. The study also documented a marked decrease in lindane wastewater contamination and lindane poisoning incidents reported to Poison Control Centers. This requirement may be met by the marking displayed on a freight container or portable tank loaded on a motor vehicle or rail car. The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. [1] The ecological impact of lindanes environmental persistence continues to be debated. (1) Lindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA'sGreat Waters Programdue to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans and the environment. (2) Assessing Personal Exposure Lindane can be measured in the blood, urine, and semen of exposed individuals by gas chromatography.(1) This is the third severe geomagnetic storm (G4) since Solar Cycle 25 began in 2019. Formula: C6H6Cl6 Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. (d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required -. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and trichlorobenzenes (see ICSCs 0344, 1049 and 1222). This mark may be displayed in black lettering on a white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. [6] Mexico has committed to a structured, voluntary phase out of lindane through the North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) but currently authorizes agricultural, veterinary and healthcare uses. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. 49 CFR 172.322 - Marine pollutants. | Electronic Code Well closed. Convulsions. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. The International HCH and Pesticide Forum has since been established to bring together experts to address the clean-up and containment of these sites. 0000006190 00000 n This study investigates acute toxicity and histological effects of Lindane insecticide on intestinal tissues of immature grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. WebLindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. [7] Worldwide, effective treatment options for the control of scabies and lice are relatively limited. Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human This substance is carcinogenic to humans. Physical State; Appearance However, lindane medications remain available in Canada for public health purposes as non-prescription therapies. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. Find out more about the company LUMITOS and our team. [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. Lindane, Hexachlorocyclohexane (Technical Grade), Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Medical observation is indicated. DEA methoxycinnamate. At the same time, a boxed warning was added to the prescription label to highlight to healthcare providers appropriate use criteria and rare treatment risks. Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. The company seeks damages and injunctive relief against all of the defendants. Histological effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide Lindane In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses of lindane, limited in recent years to pre-planting seed treatments.
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