Following the conquest of Iran, Ismail I made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written The Safavids began not as a political dynasty, but as the hereditary leaders of a Sufi order based in the city of Ardabil, located in todays northwestern Iran. They outlawed it at the turn of the century. (credit: Shah Tahmasp in the mountains by Freer Gallery of Art/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain), This Persian miniature produced in the studio of Shah Tahmasp depicts the Feast of Sada, a mythical event that celebrates the discovery of fire. Poetry lacked the royal patronage of other arts and was hemmed in by religious prescriptions. In their view of Islam, any pious man who followed the example of Muhammad could lead the Muslim community. Its founder was the Persian[1] mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din (12541334), after whom the order was named. However, Safi al-Dins great-grandson Junayd made several changes to the orders doctrine, adopting specifically Shia ideas. The beginning of the seventeenth century saw the power of the Qizilbashthe original militia that had helped Ismail I capture Tabriz and which over the century had insinuated themselves as entitled bureaucrats in the administrationdeclined. Representation of the human form has been forbidden in Islamic art at times; in Persian illuminated manuscripts, the artists response was to use the image to bring a specific person to the viewers mind without representing them accurately. The Safavid dynasty descended from diverse and mixed ethnic origins, and there is some disagreement among scholars as to whether they were of Azeri or Persian background. He was able to reverse many of Irans territorial losses to the Russians and Ottomans; however, he had no interest in sharing power. By 1511, however, Ismails troops had driven the Uzbek people across the Oxus River, establishing the eastern borders of modern Iran. Haydar declared a religious war against the Christian residents of the Caucasus, but in order to reach them, he had to pass through the territory of the Shirvanshahs, who were allied with his enemies. First, by bringing the capital closer to the center of the empire and away from the Ottoman border, it safeguarded the court from the Turks. The other faction wished the leadership to remain within Muhammads biological family and backed Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, whom they believed the Prophet had chosen as his successor. We do know that Zahed appointed his son-in-law and disciple Safi al-Din Ardabili to succeed him, which angered his family and some of his followers. Shah Soltan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in eastern Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam. While Safi al-Dins origins are lost to history, it is generally believed that he came from a family of Azeri-speaking Kurds, although even this is uncertain. Direct link to hdarwish825's post what succession rules was. Adam Olearius, "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors" (excerpts). Feature Flags: { They sustained one of the longest running empires of Iranian history, lasting from 1501 to 1736. "useRatesEcommerce": false Nevertheless, Safavid rulers were aggressive toward the Armenians, Georgians, and other Christians in the Caucasus region, whom they considered potentially rebellious. Persian carpets of silk and wool were in high demand in Europe and other parts of the Islamic world. To further legitimize his power, Ismail I also added claims of royal Sassanian heritage after becoming Shah of Iran to his own genealogy. citation tool such as, Authors: Ann Kordas, Ryan J. Lynch, Brooke Nelson, Julie Tatlock, Book title: World History Volume 2, from 1400. Creative Commons Attribution License The city was designed as a treat for the senses, employing artistic motifs in tilework and calligraphy, broad sweeping arches and domes that mimicked the sky, the sounds of running water and wind blowing through leaves, and the scents of flowering shrubs and trees carried on the breeze. With the capture of Tabriz, the Safavid dynasty officially began. Then he turned against the Ottomans, recapturing Baghdad, eastern Iraq, and the Caucasian provinces, by 1622. Has data issue: false Safavid Empire - New World Encyclopedia The Shia believe Ali, who finally succeeded Uthman to become the leader of the Muslim community in 656, was the first legitimate imam, the title they give their spiritual leader rather than caliph. They view the line of Muhammad that descends through Ali and his wife Fatima, Muhammads daughter, as the only source of definitive religious guidance. They wanted to spread "Shiism by military means." They viewed the leader of the Empire with reverence, and they. The net result of these various Safavid theories of kingship was absolutism. Royal and elite women often funded the construction or maintenance of caravansaries, demonstrating the value of trade to both the state and individual wealth. This came after a wave of New York exhibitions dedicated to Persian art and culture in 1934, during the millenary celebration of the birth of Firdausi (the author of the previously discussed. What fueled the growth of Safavid economy was Iran's position between the burgeoning civilizations of Europe to its west and India and Islamic Central Asia to its east and north. The hostility between the sects that continues today is usually traced to the Safavid era and the dynastys military rivalry with the Ottomans, especially after the sultan acquired the Sunni title of caliph in 1517. They expanded their empire by wagging Jihads (Holy war) against other countries. The Silk Road, which led through northern Iran to India, revived in the sixteenth century. Safi al-Din renamed the order after himselfSafaviyyaand made a number of reforms that reshaped it from a local order to a religious movement that sought followers from around Iran and neighboring countries. Wealthy patrons commissioned artistslike those in the studio of Shah Tahmaspto paint these miniatures either to illustrate books or to be kept as a separate piece of art in an album of similar works. The two states finally laid down arms and declared a peace that lasted more than thirty years. Safavid Persia had a succession of capitals: for the capital was where the shah and his entourage happened to be. When Ismail crowned himself Shah in 1501, most of Irans population was Sunni. The loss of his capital Tabriz to the enemyand to a Sunni Muslim at thatwas a huge blow to Shah Ismails standing among his own armies, made worse by the fact that he had declared himself invincible based on his fictionalized semidivine ancestry. At its zenith, during the long reign of Shah Abbas I, the empire's reach comprised Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. afavid dynasty, (1502-1736) Persian dynasty. The Safavid Empire: Creation, Rulers, Characteristics & Shi'ism Soon after the Safavids rose to power, they established Twelver Shiism (the largest branch of Shia, Safavid art and architecture reflected this adoption of a Shia identity. After becoming the Safaviyeh leader in 1447, Sheikh Junayda descendant of Sheikh Safi Al-Dintransformed it into a revolutionary Shi'a movement with the goal of seizing power in Iran. Tahmasp faced several challenges at home and abroad, however. This warfare pattern repeated itself under Shah Tahmasp I and Sultan Suleiman I. At the height of their reign, the Safavids controlled not only Iran, but also the countries we now know as Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. As the Safavids continued to push westward into Ottoman territory, Bayezids son Selim I responded by invading Iranian Azerbaijan, laying waste to Tabriz in 1514 and attempting to destroy the Qizilbash. The Qizilbashi tribes were essential to the military of Iran until the rule of Shah Abbas Itheir leaders were able exercise enormous influence and participate in court intrigues (assassinating Shah Ismail II, for example). How did the Safavid Empire rise to power AP world history? If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. He was declared Shah of Iran in 1502. He captured Tabrz from the Ak Koyunlu and became shah of Azerbaijan (1501) and Persia (1502). Henceforth, a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin, was established, delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. The Safavids declared Shia Islam the state religion of Iran in the early 1500s, and it remains so to this day, encompassing about 10 percent of the worldwide Muslim population. To save content items to your account, This street was flanked by palaces and public gardens that featured fruit trees and fountains with running water. The Sunni scholars, called Ulama (from alim, knowledge), were either killed or exiled. The most distinctive and prized artworks of the Safavid era were illuminated manuscripts of well-known texts decorated with miniature paintings. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Although a majority of the people in the kingdom were Iranians, there were also some Arabs, Turks, and Armenians. The empire's rulers, like the Ottoman rulers, were Muslim, yet the Safavid Empire used religion differently to promote order and stability within its realm. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, the Kurdish stronghold of Dimdim was captured. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: Comparison Essay We recommend using a The Safavids were defeated and, as the Ottoman force moved on Tabriz, engaged in scorched-earth combat. Shah Ismail, who saw himself as infallible and semidivine, believed his strong religious convictions had won him the Iranian throne, and he used his political and military authority to impose his religious ideology on the country (Figure 4.23). While Naqsh-e Jahan Square provided a focus, the city also featured a broad tree-lined avenue called the Chahar Bagh, stretching over four kilometers from the square to a royal country estate (Figure 4.28). Safavid Dynasty 1501-1736 (official end in 1760) and the Netherlands (Dutch East India Company) Exports Persian rugs Silks Textiles Imports Spices Metals Coffee Sugar Slavery- little or no slavery as a labor system Mainly recruited among Georgian, Armenian and North Caucasian renegades Omissions? However the brief puppet regime of Ismail III ended in 1760, when Karim Khan felt strong enough take nominal power of the country as well and officially end the Safavid dynasty. According to many historians, the Safavid empire marked the beginning of modern Persia. The Safavids ultimately succeeded in establishing a new Persian national monarchy. For instance, the Qajar dynasty (17891925), the first major dynasty to succeed the Safavids, continued the tradition of Safavid book arts, painting, and architecture. what succession rules was followed by the Safavids? The capture of Baghdad by Ismail I in 1509, was only followed by its loss to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534. Tabriz was taken but the Ottoman army refused to follow the Safavids into the Persian highlands and by winter, retreated from Tabriz. In one grand example, Pope facilitated a full-scale reproduction of a Safavid mosque at the 1926 Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition. Two distinct schools of painting developed: the Turkmen school in western Iran and the Timurid school based in Herat (in todays Afghanistan). In 1522, the Safavid royal library of Shah Tahmasp produced the most exquisitely illustrated Shahnameh of all time, now known as the Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp. Royal manuscripts such as this were highly collaborative enterprises that brought together miniaturists, illuminators, calligraphers, poets, scribes, and gold sprinklers. By the seventeenth century, trade routes between East and West had shifted away from Iran, causing a decline in commerce and trade. However, beneath the shah and the powerful elites, the Safavid hierarchy was unique for its time in being largely based on merit; worth and talent, not status or birth, were the keys to upward mobility. Twelvers hold that the twelfth and final imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, went into mystical hiding in the ninth century and will return, along with Jesus, to defeat evil on earth and herald the Day of Judgment. There had been, however, Shi'a communities in some cities like Qom and Sabzevar as early as eighth century. Some Safavid ceramic artists went so far as to place a fake Chinese workshop stamp on the back of their products to increase their value. When the outside world finally began learning about the arts of Iran, it was through the lens and example of the Safavids. After the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258, the Sunni caliphate became a weak figurehead position that held only symbolic authority. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. By the end of this section, you will be able to: To the east of the lands of the Ottomans, another Islamic empire emerged at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Even after their decline, the Safavids left an influential legacy with far reaching implications for Iranian art, religion, and culture. Iran became a feudal theocracy: There was no separation of religion and state; the Shah was held to be the divinely ordained head of both. (credit: Portrait of Shah Ismail I of Persia by Uffizi Gallery/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain), This detail from a series of seventeenth-century paintings decorating the walls of the Chehel Sotoun Palace in Isfahan, Iran, depicts Shah Abbas I, who ruled over Iran at the height of the Safavid dynastys power. afavid dynasty, (15021736) Persian dynasty. Over the course of the 1730s, Nader Afshar, one of the Safavid vassals, established himself as a strong military ruler. There, the Safavids influenced the local Turcoman tribes, and they themselves were influenced by Turcomans, such that the originally Iranian-speaking Safavids became Turkic-speaking. Exquisitely detailed miniatures. Shah Mosque (Royal Mosque), Isfahan, Iran, begun 1611 (photo: Another singular characteristic of Safavid architecture are the colorful tiles that covered exterior faced and interior domes of mosques. In the following centuries, this religious schism would both cement Iran's internal cohesion and national feelings and provoke attacks by its Sunni neighbors. Bureaucracy and landed class who were considered the middle classes. Haydar was killed in battle in 1488. -Made shitism the official religion of the Safavid Empire. Sunni clerics and theologians were given the choice of conversion or exile. The art of the Safavids is simply magnificent. Tahmasps grandson Abbas I, generally considered the strongest Safavid shah as well as one of the greatest rulers in Iranian history, found himself compelled to take up arms once again (Figure 4.21). Content may require purchase if you do not have access. At the time, he governed only Azerbaijan and part of the Caucasus. Safavid dynasty - Wikipedia In all three the ruling dynasty was Islamic, the economic system was agrarian, and the military forces were paid in grants of land revenue. Bihzad, the famed miniaturist from Herat, was commissioned by Shah Ismail to direct this royal workshop. The Safavid Empire was less ethnically diverse than the Ottoman Empire. Browne, "A Literary History of Persia," Vol. While used primarily in mosques and shrines, fragments of these mirror mosaics can still be seen in the outdoor portals of the Chehel Sotoun palace, as well as on the columns of the Ali Qapu palace. At the apex of this structure was the shah. As an empire, the Safavids succeeded in placing the nomadic people groups of the region under their. After Abbas had ordered the mass deportation of Georgians to central Iran, he sent Oghuz Turks (Turcomen) to settle the area; the local population that remained refused to allow them to do so, however, and staged a military rebellion. The more than century of tug-of-war accentuated the Sunni and Shi'a rift in Iraq. In 1598, Abbas moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in the central Iranian plateau, far from the constantly shifting borders with the Ottomans and Uzbeks and closer to the Persian Gulf and the newly arrived traders of the British and Dutch East India Companies.
Houses For Rent Bruce B Downs Tampa, Fl,
La Madeleine Balsamic Chicken Recipe,
Articles P
