On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. Night of the broken glass. It's So Useless 9. The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. Nazi officials ordered German police officers and firemen to do nothing as the riots raged and buildings burned, although firefighters were allowed to extinguish blazes that threatened Aryan-owned property. Why is the light so bright in the room". British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. The German authorities looked on without intervening. Hammer I Miss You 8. One reason was anxiety over the possibility that Nazi infiltrators would be encouraged to legally settle in America. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date when the Holocaust began, but Kristallnacht ("the Night of Broken Glass") is by all accounts a key milestone leading up to the destruction of European Jewry. Eric Lucas recalls the destruction of the synagogue that a tiny Jewish community had constructed in a small village only twelve years earlier: "It did not take long before the first heavy grey stones came tumbling down, and the children of the village amused themselves as they flung stones into the many colored windows. Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, whose department oversaw the Immigration and Naturalization Service, persuaded President Roosevelt to allow approximately 12,000 Germans, most of whom were Jews and already in the United States on visitor visas, to remain in the country indefinitely. Grynszpan's parents and the other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their native Poland. [17] The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans. antique, Identify the word that is not related in meaning to the other words in the set. https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/kristallnacht. On November 910, 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms against the Jewish population in Germany and recently incorporated territories. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . American newspapers across the country covered the Nazi assault on Jews in front-page, banner headlines, and articles about the events continued to appear for several weeks. [39] The SA and Hitler Youth shattered the windows of about 7,500 Jewish stores and businesses, hence the name Kristallnacht (Crystal Night), and looted their goods. Convo. The brutality of the pogrom, and the Nazi government's deliberate policy of encouraging the violence once it had begun, laid bare the repressive nature and widespread anti-Semitism entrenched in Germany. Just before midnight on November 9, Gestapo chief Heinrich Mller sent a telegram to all police units informing them that in shortest order, actions against Jews and especially their synagogues will take place in all of Germany. Lucas, Eric. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? Though cleansing campaigns for ethnic or religious read more, From November 8 to November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. Chapter 13 Test Study Guide. Cuti Sekolah. New York: Berg, 1991. The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . News of Raths death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany, where he was celebrating the anniversary of the abortive 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. November 1938 | ZbE", "The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp", "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin", "NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS", http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700, "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany", "Post-War Justice Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck", "Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes', "Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust", "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen', "St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post", "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe", "Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka", "Schwarzenegger compares Capitol mob violence to Kristallnacht destruction by Nazis in viral video", "Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht", "KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion", "Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht", "The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Kristallnacht", "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 910, 1938", "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&oldid=1142342439, Durance, Jonathan. [72], Martin Sasse, Nazi Party member and bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia, leading member of the Nazi German Christians, one of the schismatic factions of German Protestantism, published a compendium of Martin Luther's writings shortly after the Kristallnacht; Sasse "applauded the burning of the synagogues" and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." Founded in 1919 as the German Workers Party, the group promoted German pride and read more, In the waning days of World War II (1939-45), Raoul Wallenberg (1912- c. 1947), a Swedish businessman-turned-diplomat based in Budapest, was responsible for the rescue of thousandssome estimates are as high as 100,000of Hungarian Jews from extermination by the Nazis. In The. On this day, on 9 November 1938, commenced 48-hours of 'Kristallnacht', also known as 'The night of broken glass' or 'November Progroms'. [49], The persecution and economic damage inflicted upon German Jews continued after the pogrom, even as their places of business were ransacked. ", Jantzen, Kyle, and Jonathan Durance. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? In the weeks that followed, the German government promulgated dozens of laws and decrees designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the beginning of the Nazi Holocaust. [6] Over 1,400 synagogues and prayer rooms,[41] many Jewish cemeteries, more than 7,000 Jewish shops, and 29 department stores were damaged, and in many cases destroyed. 16)". I cannot, he said, in any decent humanity, throw them out. Indeed, no Jews were forced to leave the United States to return to Nazi-occupied Europe for the duration of the war. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." Then, either seal with "Laboratory Glass" tape, or seal the box with tape, and clearly label as "Laboratory Glass" in large print. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Kristallnacht, Kristallnacht - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). READ MORE: Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. The streets were full of people shouting: 'Juden Raus! The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. Leadership support for Exploring Hate is provided by the Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism, with additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, and Patti Askwith Kenner. Label boxes with PI name and room number. As he approached the Synagogue Prinzregentenstrasse in Berlin, pushing his hat down so he wouldnt be read more, The National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Although he knew extending the visas could raise congressional objection, the president made his position clear. "[75] It discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in their support. Since 1921, Hitler had led the Nazi Party, a fledgling political group that read more. In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Hjalmar Schacht had been ousted as Reich minister for economics. The Night Of Broken Glass is based on some of those events that led up to the trial of Herschel Grynzspan, named Herschel Green in the play. "[61] Less than 24 hours after Kristallnacht, Adolf Hitler made a one-hour long speech in front of a group of journalists where he completely ignored the recent events on everyone's mind. At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after Kristallnacht, President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced Nazi Germanys terror attack on Jews, saying, I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a twentieth-century civilization. FDR made an exception to his practice of off-the-record press conferences by allowing newspapers to quote this statement from his meeting with reporters that day. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Nazi government barred Jews from schools on November 15 and authorized local authorities to impose curfews in late November. paulyu. The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest anti-Semite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews. The trials were conducted exclusively by German and Austrian courts; the Allied occupation authorities did not have jurisdiction since none of the victims were Allied nationals. Washington, DC 20024-2126 In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew who had been living in France for several years, learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family had lived for years. In two days and nights, more than 1,000 synagogues were burned or otherwise damaged. These are not to be interfered with. Rather, the police were to arrest the victims. How did leaders, diplomats, and citizens around the world respond to the events of the Holocaust? This stalemate continued for days in the pouring rain, with the Jews marching without food or shelter between the borders. Additionally, more than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to the Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in Germanycamps that were specifically constructed to hold Jews, homosexuals, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state. November 1938: From "Reichskristallnacht" To Genocide. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews and destroyed many jewish propertys. The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. "Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt". There, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, after conferring with Hitler, harangued a gathering of old storm troopers, urging violent reprisals staged to appear as spontaneous demonstrations. Telephone orders from Munich triggered pogroms throughout Germany, which then included Austria. Did you know? Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. But another event Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass" on Nov. 9-10, 1938, which preceded the ghettos, deportations and gas chambers, is still seared into the collective Jewish . [36], Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. [72] A Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died after a few days. Latin, or Old Norse source word and its meaning. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and precious buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. View the list of all donors. Despite the increasing threat faced by Jews living under Nazi rule in Germany and Austria, President Roosevelt knew that he would not be able to persuade Congress to reconsider immigration regulations. Kristallnacht (krstl-nkht) [Ger.,=night of crystal], in German history, the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a night of violence against Jews and of destruction of the businesses and other property belonging to them. The name Kristallnacht comes from the sight of glass on the streets from the windows of synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Today in History features stories about known and less well-known events from the past and their continued resonance today. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). Graml, Anti-Semitism, p. 13 cited in Friedlnder, op.cit., p 272. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. But police arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . "[29] He received the postcard on 3 November 1938. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. [48] Gring met with other members of the Nazi leadership on 12 November to plan the next steps after the riot, setting the stage for formal government action. 1 / 15. Georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc. The Nazi regime expanded and radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social life in the forthcoming years. [64] During the events of Kristallnacht, several Gauleiter and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust. KFC issued an apology approximately an hour later, blaming the original message on an "error in our system". Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). Standard 7 Vocabulary. Throughout Germany and Austria, Nazi Stormtroopers . In response to the news of Nazi terror against Jews, Americans protested in cities including New York and Los Angeles. [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the history of the Third Reich, marking the shift . The site, the size of four football fields, contained an extensive array of personal and ceremonial items looted during the riots against Jewish property and places of worship on the night of 9 November 1938. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. The British government approved the Kindertransport program for refugee children. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. Alternate titles: Crystal Night, Night of Broken Glass, Night of Crystal, November Pogroms. Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." [63] A study conducted in 1933 had then shown that 33% of Nazi Party members held no racial prejudice while 13% supported persecution. Hitlers right hand man. Kristallnacht, (German: Crystal Night) , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 910, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. All Rights Reserved. A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio A Child of Our Time by the English composer Michael Tippett. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Broken glass. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. The president also announced that he had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson. They were ordered to leave their homes in a single night and were allowed only one suitcase per person to carry their belongings. Shot and killed Ernst Von Rath. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. Ninety-one Jews were killed and 30,000 Jewish men were taken away. Brick-throwing mobs. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". [82], Five decades later, 9 November's association with the anniversary of Kristallnacht was cited as the main reason as to why Schicksalstag, the day the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, was not turned into a new German national holiday; a different day was chosen (3 October 1990, German reunification). A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. Poland stated that it would renounce citizenship rights of Polish Jews living abroad for at least five years after the end of October, effectively making them stateless. Scheer, Regina (1993). [67] In 1939 this was extended to a prohibition on reporting any anti-Jewish measures. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. During the pogrom, some 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. Historians have noted that after the pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the SS. he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. [46] Historian Gerhard Weinberg is quoted as saying: "Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch. According to eyewitness Esther Harris: "They ripped up the belongings, the books, knocked over furniture, shouted obscenities". siriequinox. Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested, murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia, Beth Shalom National Holocaust Centre and Museum. Businesses have normal opening hours. [50][51][52], The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to left the country. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b], [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. B. rousseau Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. [38], Mller, in a message to SA and SS commanders, stated the "most extreme measures" were to be taken against Jewish people. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. Geschichte und Geschichten Feiner Lebenswelt in der Mitte Berlins (Gesellschaft Hackesche Hfe e.V. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. The day happened to coincide with the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an important date in the National Socialist calendar. [5] Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. . "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. "[26] Conditions in the refugee camps "were so bad that some actually tried to escape back into Germany and were shot", recalled a British woman who was sent to help those who had been expelled.[27]. Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts controversial? Night of Broken Glass 2. During the Holocaust, the Night of the Broken Glass occurred; A night of terror for many Jewish people changing the lives of them all. [71], There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. (ed. "[35] The chief party judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom. The "Night of Broken Glass" On the night of November 9-10, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of antisemitic violence in Nazi Germany. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. As retaliation, on November 7, 1938, the agitated teenager shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris. [93], Kristallnacht was publicly referenced on 10 January 2021 by the former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger in a speech decrying the actions of President Donald Trump and the attack he incited on the U.S. Capitol on 6 January. [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. The collusion of the German and French governments is brought out during the testimony. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). "I'm Revier 16 (In precinct No. They helped with the destruction on Kristallnacht. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. Lachie_Caucasian. First, by 1938 large numbers of Germans had joined the Nazi Party for pragmatic reasons rather than ideology thus diluting the percentage of rabid antisemites; second, the Kristallnacht could have caused party members to reject antisemitism that had been acceptable to them in abstract terms but which they could not support when they saw it concretely enacted. Kristallnacht: The Nazi Night of Terror. However. On the morning of Monday, 7 November 1938, he purchased a revolver and a box of bullets, then went to the German embassy and asked to see an embassy official. The night of broken glass A Jewish refugee's assassination of a German official in Paris in 1938 sparked the German attack on Jews known as Kristallnacht Wed 9 Sep 2009 07.05 EDT Kristallnacht:. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. Error in our system '' titles: Crystal Night, Night of Broken Glass, of. To Genocide States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the.! Did leaders, diplomats, and after the Holocaust Began: the Odyssey of Herschel grynszpan well-known events from windows! Did leaders, diplomats, and in some places acts of violence this article ( requires login ) opinion... 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