Saurel-Cubizolles et al. Yli-Tuomi In conclusion, our study found evidence of increased odds of adverse birth outcomes among women who lived closer to power plants. Because there was evidence of spatial clustering of power plants, distance from power plants may not be the best measure of exposure. Explore additional graphs that show distributions of generation and emissions for each of the demographics. In Scheme 1, the syngas that results from coal gasification was divided into two parts; one part went to the X How Much Land Would it Require to Get Most of Our Electricity from Wind and Solar? Florida has relatively high power plant emissions (16, 24) that provide a unique opportunity to investigate the potential association between power plant emissions and adverse birth outcomes. Ha (20), who reported that the odds of PTD were 14 times higher among women who lived within 3 km of a thermal power plant compared with those who lived farther than 3 km. More information about the Power Plants and Neighboring Communities Mapping Tool can be foundhere. We overlaid geocoded residential addresses over the 12 12 km grids. Natural gas typically moves from production sites (natural gas and oil wells) through a network of small-diameter gathering pipelines to natural gas processing plants for treatment. T Do not touch the fence because it might be electrified, and the guards might mistake you for an anti-nuclear activist trying to break in. Apart fr Terms, Conditions, and Privacy Policy. First, analysis of proximity as both a continuous variable and as a categorical variable addresses exposure-response relationships, but it does so in different ways with different assumptions. 4.5 shows the two schemes considered by the authors. R EH But coal is just about the dirtiest way to produce electricity, so almost anything will seem cleaner in comparison. Mangones Electric power sector power plants that burned fossil fuels or materials made from fossil fuels, and some geothermal power plants, were the source of about 32% of total U.S. energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2021.. K Soriano In the graph below, the low-income(verticalaxis) and the people of color(horizontal axis) are plotted for the communitiesaround each U.S. fossil fuel-fired power plant. Zhang et al. B VPTD was defined as a birth that occurred before 32 weeks of gestation. The United States uses three main types of underground natural gas storage facilities: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1000 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20585, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). JI As noted in the Data Considerations section, information about the adjacent communities can be used to raise awareness and to help people understand the extent to which there may be disproportionate, adverse impacts on overburdened communities. Power Plants and Neighboring Communities (xlsx) EPA is committed to Environmental Justice (EJ) - the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people. Minority, low-income, and indigenous populations frequently bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harms and adverse health outcomes, including the development of heart or lung diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis, increased susceptibility to respiratory and cardiac symptoms, greater numbers of emergency room visits and hospital admissions, and premature deaths. Czeizel Bell A A recent study by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that natural gas power plants in California will start and stop much more frequently in the future, and this increase in natural gas plant start-ups may increase NOx emissions. This practice, although common, is inherently unsafe. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, power plants release toxic chemicals into the air including mercury, heavy metals, and acid gases, all of which are known to be deleterious to human health, especially that of the unborn fetus (15). Reply STOP to cancel. We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. On the other hand, the process of getting natural gas from where it's mined to the power plants leads to considerable release of methane Do you need one? T Gouveia When ultrasound is not available, fundal height (determined by clinical examination) or menstrual history is used to estimate gestational age. We also created 20 km buffers around each birth and determined the total number of power plants within this buffer (Table4). Manzanares As paradoxical as it may sound, California may continue to achieve its global warming emissions reduction goals and increase air pollution from natural gas power plants at the same time. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. T De Mouzon For example, higher exposure to sulfur dioxide has been linked to PTD among singleton births (28) and decreased term birth weight (29). Burning fossil fuels to produce electricity creates emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide (CO2),mercury (Hg) and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), and other pollutants. WebGangadharan et al. The impurities in wellhead natural gas determine the number of stages and the processes required to produce pipeline-quality, dry natural gas. JK Two logistic regression models were used for each outcome: The first model was unadjusted, and the second model was a parsimonious model adjusted for potential confounders on the basis of our directed acyclic graph (Supplementary Data). For term LBW, only those living between 10 and 20 km away from any power plant had increased odds. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. Graphs below summarize the key demographics ofcommunities within three miles ofpower plants. The following are the required setbacks to minimize exposure at different distances: 100 feet for 50 to 133kV transmission line 150 feet for 220 to 230kV transmission line 350 feet for 500 to 550kV transmission line Some power plants also et al. Su I once had a friend asked which of two properties they should buy due to one being near high voltage lines. My answer was simple, I would buy the o Those who were closest to nuclear plants (mean = 7.7 (SD, 1.9) g/m3) and other plants (mean = 8.5 (SD, 2.0) g/m3) were exposed to the lowest levels of PM2.5 (Figure2B; Supplementary Data). Because pollution can travel over long distances from a power plant, the impacts of both potential increases and decreases in power plant emissions can be felt many miles away, meaning that the air quality in a community can be due to far-distant sources S Overall, living close to solid waste, oil, and gas plants increased the odds for term LBW, PTD, and VPTD. Ive lived closer than a lot of people. I slept just a couple hundred feet from one. I worked dozens of feet from them. My apartment where I spent Given that PM2.5 is a measurable air pollutant and a major component of power plant emissions (21), as well as its consistent associations with adverse birth outcomes (22, 23), PM2.5 can serve as a good indicator for air pollution from power plants. Testing RFID blocking cards: Do they work? Moreover, there is recent evidence suggesting that harmful emissions from power plants may be increasing (16). When the results for both analyses were compared, the conclusions were consistent, although those for categorical exposure are stronger. The Natural Resources Defense Council works to safeguard the earth - its people, During the study period, power plants in the United States emitted an estimated annual average of 2,491,971 metric tons of carbon dioxide, 10,431 metric tons of sulfur dioxide, and 4,212 metric tons of nitric oxides (27). This association is also consistent with our data that showed, on average, that women close to nuclear plants and other plants were exposed to lower levels of PM2.5. Covariates were chosen on the basis of a directed acyclic graph (Supplementary Data available at http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/). S The exposure for this study was proximity to a nonrenewable-source power plant. et al. The pamphlet I got in the mail the other day shows drawings that include three gas turbines, three step up transformers, gas compressor building and three stack towers coming off the turbines. Notethat this applies to the site boundary, not to theactual well site.". et al. Therefore, we were not able to account for local variation smaller than this spatial resolution. C Some of the highest-polluting natural gas power plants emit over 100 tons of NOx per year, which is roughly equivalent to the NOx emissions from traveling 11 million miles(assuming an emissions rate of 8.18 grams of NOx per mile) in a diesel school bus, one of the most-polluting types of vehicles. et al. Because living near power plants may expose people to additional sources of air pollution, this proximity may increase their risk of having negative health endpoints. Updated January 2012. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; LBW, low birth weight; OR, odds ratio; PM2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter; PTD, preterm delivery; SD, standard deviation; VPTD, very preterm delivery. M M et al. Figure1 shows a map of the spatial distribution of active power plants and the average annual PM2.5 concentrations in Florida during 20032005. X Lanki with both a low-income percentage and people of color percentage greater than the national averages. In New York, power-sector emissions Ren Rajagopalan There are a lot of factors that you need to consider. Different countries have a different regulation regarding the measurements of where to reside Natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel. et al. Hu Though UCSs legislative effort did not succeed this year, UCS is committed to finding solutions that allow us to transition away from natural gas in a way that is not only economical, but also equitable. We used logistic regression models to investigate the association between proximity to a power plant and the adverse birth outcomes. ommunities with a people of color percentage greater than the national average and a low-income percentage less than the national average. et al. . Y Second, just because the electric sector is cleaner than the transportation sector does not mean the electric sector is not dirty. You'll receive your first NRDC action alert and a Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race, marital status, census block group income, and urban neighborhood. This practice, although This study found that women with residential proximity to coal and solid waste plants were exposed to the highest concentrations of PM2.5 during the first trimester, and those closest to nuclear plants were exposed to the lowest concentrations. Displays grown and controlled oxide of nitrogen projected emissions for 2019, excluding emissions from ocean-going vessels further than three nautical miles from the coast. I Bell Halonen Bell Lee For example, the fact that our study showed an increased proportion of females among the term LBW group and a decreased proportion of females among the PTD and VPTD groups confirmed previous findings. Initial calculations conducted by the USB determined that about 400,000 standard cubic feet of natural gas had been released into the atmosphere within the 10 minutes prior to the incident. One of the reasons for the differences may be a result of the spatial clustering of power plants. Hodges (617) 547-5552. Consequently, daily activity patterns cannot entirely explain the increased risk that we found. After exclusion of births that had addresses outside Florida (n = 4,672); births that were missing address (n = 423), unable to geocode (e.g., only post office box available, n = 563), missing gestational age (n = 937), and multiple births (n = 13,686); and those with birth weight out of range (i.e., <500 and >5,000 g) (n = 903) and those with gestational age out of range (i.e., <140 days and >320 days) (n = 125), 423,719 births remained for analyses. Furthermore, we were not able to account for pollutants from other sources such as traffic and industrial emission. Geographical distribution of power plants and average annual levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter (PM2.5) in Florida during the study period from 2003 to 2005. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Roth MS . Infrared video showing natural gas air pollution emissions at an Energy Corporation of America compressor station in Greene County, Pa., which is located about Roberts It is based on nationally consistent data and uses an approach that combines environmental indicatorsand demographics in maps and reports. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The following map identifies thelocations of power plants and highlights the key demographics of people living within threemiles of those plants. Distance from the nearest power plants was measured in kilometers. G When you select a power plant marker, a small window displays plant data such asemissions, generation, fuel type, and key demographics for the communities within three miles of the plant. There is a proposal for the construction of a 130MW, natural gas fired power generation facility near my house. Ha The following sections are presented below: There are over 3,400 fossil fuel-fired power plants in the United States. Association Between Proximity to Power Plants, by Fuel Type, and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Florida From 2004 to 2005. Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. SC By continuing, you accept our use of cookies. Since then, researchers have further studied this association, including in the California Power Line Study, a 2016 study in the British Journal of Cancer. Particulate matter and ozone cause the extensive list of adverse health outcomes you hear at the end of a prescription drug commercial shortness of breath, heart attacks, premature death; the list goes on. AR N We geocoded 423,719 singleton Florida births born from 2004 to 2005 and all active power plants and determined residential proximity to the nearest power plant for each birth. This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com. We chose first trimester because 1) first trimester exposure to PM2.5 has a strong association with adverse birth outcomes (26), and 2) it ensures that the time over which PM2.5 is averaged is similar for cases and controls. JM It is important to note that the impacts of power plant emissions are not limited to a 3-mile radius. The CSB is trying to devise better safety codes for gas blows, but has yet to identify them. S Population with less than high school education, Type in keywords to query the entry "power plants and neighboring communities", and. Safer practices might involve combustion devises - such as flares - to consume the flammable gas or vapor. Figure2A and 2B illustrate PM2.5 exposure by types of power plants. These keydemographicsand information about nearby power plants may help identify a community's potential vulnerability to environmental concerns. Strmgren Abbreviations: LBW, low birth weight; PTD, preterm delivery; SD, standard deviation; VPTD, very preterm delivery. CA LA The percentage of plants located in or near communitieswithan average of less than the national average is on the left side of the graph (blue). Finally, the Hierarchical Bayesian Prediction Model data that we used to describe PM2.5 exposures were available at only 12 12 km resolution. Teng These pollutants have been linked to adverse birth outcomes in many studies. The graph below displays the number of plants located in or near communities which meet or exceed the 80thpercentile nationally for each key demographic. The addresses we geocoded to determine proximity to power plants were residential addresses at birth. This analysis yielded results consistent with proximity to power plants as a measure of exposure. These Experts Are Racing to Protect AI From Hackers. Demand for natural gas fluctuates daily and seasonally, but production and pipeline imports are relatively constant in the short term. This almost-great Raspberry Pi alternative is missing one key feature, This $75 dock turns your Mac Mini into a Mac Studio (sort of), Samsung's Galaxy S23 Plus is the Goldilocks of its 2023 smartphone lineup, How the New Space Race Will Drive Innovation, How the metaverse will change the future of work and society, Digital transformation: Trends and insights for success, Software development: Emerging trends and changing roles. Accessed December 6, 2014, US Power Plant Global Warming Emissions Rising in 2013 AfterYears of Decline, Birth defects in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Germany, Congenital anomalies, prematurity, and low birth weight rates in relation to nuclear power plant proximity, Pregnancy outcome of women in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Taiwan, Increased risk of preterm delivery in women residing near thermal power plants in Taiwan, Using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model to estimate public health impacts of PM, Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) and pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis, The effects of air pollution on adverse birth outcomes, Fuel sources and carbon dioxide emissions by electric power plants in the United States, Published March 2009. Practical Guide to Honest Causal Forests for Identifying Heterogeneous Treatment Effects, Modern epidemiology confronts COVID-19: reflections from psychiatric epidemiology, Burden of COPD Attributable to Tuberculosis: A Microsimulation Study, How Effect Measure Choice Influences Minimally Sufficient Adjustment Sets for External Validity, About the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplants/, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_09_01.html, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html, http://www.cdc.gov/pednss/how_to/read_a_data_table/prevalence_tables/birth_outcome.htm, http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/resources/2546.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Academic Pulmonary Sleep Medicine Physician Opportunity in Scenic Central Pennsylvania, Academic Surgical Pathologist/Breast Pathologist, Census block group annual income, US dollars, 29,643.00 to <38,095.00(second quartile), Copyright 2023 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Fig. Shi For each demographic, the percentages of these communities within three miles of a power plant greater than and less than the national averages are displayed. A three-mile radius isconsistent with environmental justice literature and studies, including theEJ Screening Reportfor the Clean Power Plan. It is possible that socioeconomic status confounded the association that we observed in this study. However, we have also used a fully adjusted model with all covariates in our directed acyclic graph. There were 150 active nonrenewable power plants with different fuel types including 17 coal plants, 66 gas plants, 3 nuclear plants, 28 oil plants, 29 solid waste plants, and 7 plants with other types of fuel (e.g., coke, etc.). Although we chose PM2.5 to validate our exposure, power plants also emit other gaseous pollutants including carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, and nitric oxides (41), all of which are highly correlated (30). Rabczenko Author affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (Sandie Ha, Hui Hu, Xiaohui Xu); Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (Jeffrey Roth); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (Haidong Kan). Prenatal exposure was assigned to each birth as the average daily PM2.5 concentration over the first trimester for the grid in which it falls. Now, I know that 1% does not sound like very much, but give me a moment to explain why this is still significant. You can filter the plants displayed on the map based on demographics, plant characteristics such as size and fuel type, and quantity of annual plant-level emissions of SO2, NOX, CO2, and PM2.5. Petroeschevsky In short, NOx is bad news for human health. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Lamson 2 Brattle Square, Cambridge MA 02138, USA This association remained consistent in our analyses for total number of power plants within a 20 km radius and stratified analyses for different types of power plants. According to projections from the California Air Resources Board, stationary sources account for roughly 21% of NOx emissions, while mobile sources account for a whopping 74% of NOx emission in the state. M 2023 ZDNET, A Red Ventures company. The association between adverse birth outcomes and total number of power plants within 20 km was determined. Furthermore, although power plant emissions are 1 of the major point sources of air pollution (21), which has been shown to have consistent association with adverse birth outcomes (22), there is limited information on air pollution exposure and pregnant women living close to specific types of power plants. 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