Thus, PopZ undergoes multiple orders of self-assembly, and the formation of an interconnected superstructure is a key feature of polar organization in Caulobacter. By comparison to self-assembling protein networks and polar cell growth mechanisms in other bacterial species, we suggest that the cooligomeric PopZ-SpmX protein complex in Caulobacter illustrates a paradigm for coupling cell cycle progression to the controlled geometry of cell pole establishment.IMPORTANCE Lacking internal membrane-bound compartments, bacteria achieve subcellular organization by establishing self-assembling protein-based microdomains. Strikingly, cells lacking DipM also showed OM blebbing at the division site, at cell poles and along the cell body. Subclones that restored motility to FlaS mutants also restored normal cell division. The DivJ kinase localizes to the stalked pole in response to a signal at the G1-to-S transition, while the PleC kinase is localized to the flagellar pole in swarmer and predivisional cells but is dispersed throughout the cell in the stalked cell. These new reporter genes provide much greater sensitivity, nonlinear ultrasound contrast, and ease-of-use for expression in a variety of cell types. Bacterial chromosome origins of replication. SMC complexes and histone-like proteins continuously remodel the nucleoid to reconcile chromatin compaction with DNA replication and gene regulation. Ptacin, J. L., Gahlmann, A., Bowman, G. R., Perez, A. M., von Diezmann, A. R., Eckart, M. R., Moerner, W. E., Shapiro, L. The functions of DNA methylation by CcrM in Caulobacter crescentus: a global approach. The flbO locus is near the top of the hierarchy, and consequently strains with mutations in this locus are nonmotile and lack the flagellar basal body complex. Maddock, J. R., Alley, M. R., Shapiro, L. ASYMMETRIC EXPRESSION OF THE GYRASE-B GENE FROM THE REPLICATION-COMPETENT CHROMOSOME IN THE CAULOBACTER-CRESCENTUS PREDIVISIONAL CELL. Bacteria are often highly polarized, exhibiting specialized structures at or near the ends of the cell. Teaching staff, Two genes encoding the major components of the flagellar filament, the 25K and the 27.5K flagellins, are expressed coincident with flagellar assembly. Francois Jacob (1920-2013). Interested applicants should visit https://facultypositions.stanford.edu/en-us/job/493432 for our full ad and more information about how to apply. Thus, two transcriptional feedback loops coupled to cell cycle-regulated proteolysis and phosphorylation of the CtrA protein result in the pattern of CtrA activity required for the temporal and spatial control of multiple cell-cycle events. PodJ provides the spatial cues for the biogenesis of several polar organelles, including the pili, adhesive holdfast and chemotactic apparatus, by recruiting structural and regulatory proteins, such as CpaE and PleC, to a specific cell pole. [email protected], x=rosie, Ruby Zhang Research in the Department of Developmental Biology at Stanford is aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms that generate and maintain diverse cell types during development. The significance of this study is the identification of structural elements involved in the oligomerization and DNA binding of a newly discovered NAP in C. crescentus and the demonstration that structural elements are conserved in evolutionarily distant and functionally distinct NAPs. These results suggest that subcellular localization of a prokaryotic protein involves interaction of specific regions of the protein with unique cell sites that contain either localized binding proteins or a specific secretory apparatus. View details for Web of Science ID A1970G593000016, View details for Web of Science ID A1970H419900033, View details for Web of Science ID A1970G466200017. Here, we demonstrate that the ordered assembly of this microdomain occurs via the polymeric network protein PopZ directly recruiting the polarity factor SpmX, which then recruits the histidine kinase DivJ to the developing cell pole. The distinct control of available CcrM in progeny swarmer and stalked cells serves to protect the hemimethylated state of DNA during chromosome replication, enabling robustness of cell cycle progression. Transcriptional regulation by exogenous cysteine of NPT II gene expression was demonstrated in a cysteine auxotroph generated by Tn5-VB32 insertional inactivation. View details for Web of Science ID A1989U499000006. Temporally and spatially controlled master regulators drive the Caulobacter cell cycle by regulating the expression of >200 genes. View details for Web of Science ID A1977EH42100096. The chromosome is specifically and dynamically localized over the course of the cell cycle. SsrA, or tmRNA, is a small RNA found in all bacteria that intervenes in selected translation reactions to target the nascent polypeptide for rapid proteolysis. Leonard, K. R., Maizel, J. V., AGABIANK, N., Shapiro, L., KLEINSCH, A. K. EFFECT OF DIBUTYRYLADENOSINE 3'-5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE ON GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION IN CAULOBACTER-CRESCENTUS. A single start site of transcription was identified during heat shock at 42 degrees C, and the predicted promoter sequence conformed to the consensus heat shock promoters of E. coli. Thus, fatty acid degradation by the beta-oxidation pathway is constitutive in C. crescentus and is only mildly affected by growth in the presence of glucose. Complementation studies of the Tn5 mutants using derivatives of the cosmid clone showed that all the Tn5 insertions lie within a single operon that appears to encode many chemotaxis genes. [email protected], x=ecriadoh, Willow Coleman Epistasis experiments demonstrated that the fliIJ operon is located in class II of the C. crescentus flagellar regulatory hierarchy, suggesting that the gene products act at an early stage in flagellar assembly. BLP Fellow View details for Web of Science ID A1997XT77200016, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC179404. In order to study the regulation of these genes, plasmids were constructed that contain either an intact flaYE region or deletions in the region of flaY. M.S. Deletion of the region 5' to the apparent sigma 54 promoter caused a complete loss of transcription activation. This oligotrophic bacterium divides asymmetrically to produce a motile swarmer cell that represses DNA replication and a sessile stalked cell that replicates its DNA. It has been shown that DNA replication serves as a checkpoint for flagellar biosynthesis and cell division and that this checkpoint is mediated by the availability of active CtrA. Our recent discoveries include findings that ion channels, receptors and signaling proteins are clustered into discrete nanodomains that orchestrate directed signals in ganglia and brain, nanodomains which we have visualized using visible light at 5 nm resolution via STORM nanoscopy. Such nanodomain complexes of proteins direct neuronal excitability in distinct and purposeful ways, guide transcriptional expression, and underlie plasticity, cognition and circuit development in brain. B.Sc. High molecular weight oligomers of PopZ assemble in vitro into a filamentous network with trimer junctions, suggesting that the PopZ network and ParB-bound DNA interact in an adhesive complex, fixing the chromosome origin at the cell pole. We propose that pole-specific control of PopZ function co-ordinates polar development and cell cycle progression by enabling independent assembly and tethering activities at the two cell poles. To explain the phenotype of both the secA and ffs36 strains, we propose that a cell-cycle checkpoint prevents further progression through the cell-cycle in response to increased intracellular levels of heat shock and misfolded proteins. Transcription activation of flbN in C. crescentus involves the combination of several elements: the NifA-like site is required for full activation, and other sequence elements 5' to the promoter and 3' to the transcription start site are necessary for the correct time of transcription initiation. In this review, we examine recently discovered control mechanisms that make use of dynamically localized protein complexes to orchestrate the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle. Phase separation in many eukaryotic condensates has been shown to be responsive to intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, although the consequences of these mechanisms for enzymes sequestered within the condensates are unknown. Wright, R., Stephens, C., Zweiger, G., Shapiro, L., Alley, M. R. Cell cycle-controlled proteolysis of a flagellar motor protein that is asymmetrically distributed in the Caulobacter predivisional cell, Identification of a Caulobacter crescentus operon encoding hrcA, involved in negatively regulating heat-inducible transcription, and the chaperone gene grpE. The first labeled Dra I fragment to appear contains the site of replication initiation. WebLucy Shapiro's Profile | Stanford Profiles Email Profile Academic Appointments Professor, Developmental Biology Member, Bio-X Faculty Fellow, Sarafan ChEM-H Administrative Christen, B., Fero, M. J., Hillson, N. J., Bowman, G., Hong, S., Shapiro, L., McAdams, H. H. Bacterial Chromosome Organization and Segregation, System-level design of bacterial cell cycle control, Feedback Control of DnaA-Mediated Replication Initiation by Replisome-Associated HdaA Protein in Caulobacter, Superresolution imaging of protein superstructures in live Caulobacter crescentus cells with EYFP. The first parameter correlates with genome GC content, and the second parameter correlates with context-dependent nucleotide bias. Lee, M., Schrader, J., Li, G., Weissman, J., McAdams, H., Shapiro, L., Moerner, W. E. DNA Segregation and Partitioning in Caulobacter Crescentus: Super-Resolving Protein Colocalization at the Cell Pole. We further show that CckA oligomerizes through a multidomain interaction that is critical for stimulation of kinase activity by DivL, while DivL stimulation of CckA phosphatase activity is independent of CckA homooligomerization. Dynamic protein localization is an integral component of the regulatory circuit that drives the Caulobacter cell cycle. MIT, Dr. David Mittelstein Thanks to all the lab members, collaborators and friends who joined us for the annual Shapiro Lab beach party in Oceanside, CA! Ramya Deshpande, SURF Scholar 2019-20 PhD at Harvard WebGilbert Building 371 Jane Stanford Way Stanford, CA 94305 Phone: 650-723-2413 biologyinfo [at] stanford.edu Campus Map View details for DOI 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600927, View details for Web of Science ID 000234952500008, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1383511. View details for Web of Science ID 000084010000013. Meisenzahl, A. C., Shapiro, L., Jenal, U. Bioengineering (CS minor), Caltech Research Assistant Isamar Sanchez has been accepted into multiple Schools of Veterinary Medicine, and will be starting her DVM studies at Texas A&M in August! The resulting models illustrate that the genome is ellipsoidal with periodically arranged arms. We further show that ClpXP localization is required for CtrA proteolysis. [email protected], x=bgungoren, Tiba Hamza Citation: Roussel, Edelen et al., Physical Review Letters, 5 April 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.145001). PopZ recruitment of ParA stimulates ParA to assemble on the nucleoid near the PopZ-proximal cell pole. We use chromosomal inversions and in vivo time-lapse imaging to show that parS is the Caulobacter site of force exertion, independent of its position in the chromosome. We show that Caulobacter crescentus makes use of and requires a dedicated mechanism to initiate chromosome segregation. In the absence of DnaA, the CtrA master regulator is cleared by proteolysis during the swarmer-to-stalked cell transition as usual, but DNA replication initiation is blocked. In progeny swarmer cells, CcrM is completely degraded by Lon before its differentiation into a replication-competent stalked cell later in the cell cycle. Croucher Scholar Bacterial chromosome partitioning and cell division are tightly connected cellular processes. A restriction map of the Caulobacter crescentus bacteriophage phi Cd1 genome was constructed by using the restriction endonucleases HindIII and HpaI. Beckman Center for Molecular and Genomic Medicine. Acetoacetyl coenzyme A (acetoacetyl-CoA) thiolase, an enzyme required for short-chain fatty acid degradation, has been purified to near homogeneity from Caulobacter crescentus. Ph.D. Student, Bioengineering, Defended 2019 View details for DOI 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.08.027, View details for Web of Science ID 000282377200016, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2945607. Postdoctoral Scholar Proteins are positioned at particular sites in bacteria, including the cell pole, the incipient division plane, and the septum. View details for Web of Science ID 000082574100028, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC17939, View details for Web of Science ID 000082318000001, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC94015, View details for Web of Science ID 000081360100001, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC93912. Additionally, as was found for hemE, an upstream untranslated mRNA also extends into the dnaX coding sequence. Thus, in both R. meliloti and C. crescentus, CcrM methylation is an integral component of the cell cycle. WebShe is a co-editor of Philanthropy in Democratic Societies (2016, Chicago University Press) and of the forthcoming volume Digital Technology and Democratic Theory. Mutants in the flaD flaB flaC gene cluster were found to be unable to assemble a complete basal body. When mated into a wild-type strain, plasmids bearing deletions in the flaY region were found to be recessive. Biol. Cunin, F., Schmedake, T. A., Link, J. R., Li, Y. Y., Koh, J., Bhatia, S. N., Sailor, M. J. View details for Web of Science ID A1995RM70200022. We have also partially purified the Caulobacter homolog of IHF and demonstrate that it can facilitate in vitro integrase-mediated lambda recombination. Congratulations to Di and colleagues on this foundational advance in acoustic actuation and sonogenetics. These K+ channels are widely expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous system. The CtrA master transcriptional regulator is a central control element in Caulobacter cell cycle progression and polar morphogenesis. Biol. Since SpoT controls (p)ppGpp abundance, we propose that this nucleotide relays carbon starvation signals to the cellular factors responsible for activating DnaA proteolysis, thereby inhibiting the initiation of DNA replication. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence near the internal 16 S rRNA transcription start site revealed the presence of a consensus promoter sequence followed by the beginning of an open reading frame approximately 90 nucleotides downstream. View details for Web of Science ID A1987G196300016. B.S. Welcome ARGs 2.0! We have found that it belongs to an unusual promoter family used by several Caulobacter class II flagellar genes. These developmental decisions require global changes in genomic readout, and bacteria typically employ intricate (yet poorly understood) signaling networks that enable changes in cell function. These ternary complexes aggregate predominantly at the cell poles. Next, researchers want to demonstrate the algorithm experimentally on reconstructing full 6D phase space distributions, which includes particle positions and speed along the direction in which the beam is traveling. (5) Together, these regulatory proteins create a genetic circuit in which the cellular concentrations of CtrA and GcrA oscillate spatially and temporally to control daughter cell differentiation and cell cycle progression. Both promoters were also expressed constitutively throughout the cell cycle under physiological conditions. Constructing a macromolecular structure of this scale generally requires localized enzymatic machinery, but a regulatory framework for S-layer assembly has not been identified. A., Hillson, N. J., Shapiro, L. DipM links peptidoglycan remodelling to outer membrane organization in Caulobacter. Thus, the temporal control of this methyltransferase appears to contribute to the accurate cell-cycle control of DNA replication and cellular morphology. Postdoctoral Scholar, 2014-16 3) Temperature-sensitive mutants of Caulobacter that are restricted in macromolecular synthesis and development at elevated temperatures have been isolated. Comerci, C. J., Herrmann, J. n., Yoon, J. n., Jabbarpour, F. n., Zhou, X. n., Nomellini, J. F., Smit, J. n., Shapiro, L. n., Wakatsuki, S. n., Moerner, W. E. Identification of PAmKate as a Red Photoactivatable Fluorescent Protein for Cryogenic Super-Resolution Imaging. We speculate that CcrM-mediated DNA methylation is likely to have similar roles among alpha subdivision bacteria. pilA transcription is regulated by the global two-component response regulator CtrA, which is essential for the expression of multiple cell cycle events, providing a direct link between assembly of the pilus organelle and bacterial cell cycle control. Shapiro, L., MANSOUR, J., Shaw, P., Henry, S. SYNTHESIS AND UTILIZATION OF FATTY-ACIDS BY WILD-TYPE AND FATTY-ACID AUXOTROPHS OF CAULOBACTER-CRESCENTUS. The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus has morphologically and functionally distinct cell poles that undergo sequential changes during the cell cycle. Kim, S., Gitai, Z., Kinkhabwala, A., Shapiro, L., Moerner, W. E. A phospho-signaling pathway controls the localization and activity of a protease complex critical for bacterial cell cycle progression. The C. crescentus enzyme appeared similar to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa enzyme and unlike the Escherichia coli enzyme with respect to subunit molecular weights and failure to separate into core and sigma components upon phosphocellulose chromatography. B., Dingwall, A., Bryan, R., CHAMPER, R., Shapiro, L. POSITIONING OF GENE-PRODUCTS DURING CAULOBACTER CELL-DIFFERENTIATION, RATE, ORIGIN, AND BIDIRECTIONALITY OF CAULOBACTER CHROMOSOME-REPLICATION AS DETERMINED BY PULSED-FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, ORGANIZATION AND TEMPORAL EXPRESSION OF A FLAGELLAR BASAL BODY GENE IN CAULOBACTER-CRESCENTUS, CONTROL OF SYNTHESIS AND POSITIONING OF A CAULOBACTER-CRESCENTUS FLAGELLAR PROTEIN. Bryan, R., CHAMPER, R., Gomes, S., Ely, B., Shapiro, L. GENERAL NONCHEMOTACTIC MUTANTS OF CAULOBACTER-CRESCENTUS. The Caulobacter crescentus flagellum is formed at a specific time in the cell cycle and its assembly requires the ordered expression of a large number of genes. Transcription of the early region of the phi Cd1 genome was examined in vitro with C. crescentus RNA polymerase. WebShapiro completed postdoctoral research at Stanford University Medical School and was named a Guggenheim Fellow at MITs Center for Cancer Research. For any questions or concerns, please feel free to reach out by emailing Scott Gerbert at Here, we review the progress that has been made towards understanding the mechanisms by which bacterial cytoskeletal proteins influence cellular organization. Stalked cells, which are actively engaged in DNA replication, have three or four SMC foci per cell. Furthermore, the four heat-shock proteins synthesized in the predivisional cell were partitioned in a specific manner upon cell division. Revealing natures fastest processes with X-rays, lasers and electrons, Studying the particles and forces that knit the cosmos together, Building smaller, faster, more powerful accelerators for all, Understanding the machinery of life at its most basic level, Inventing new tools for science and society, Finding clean, sustainable solutions for the worlds energy challenges. It will bring together the resources and expertise of the national lab, the university and Silicon Valley to accelerate the deployment of batteries and other energy storage Thanks to the researchers from 10 countries who joined us for this inaugural event and to all the Shapiro Lab members who participated, helped organize, and hosted live demos. Lasker, K., von Diezmann, A., Moerner, W. E., Shapiro, L. Biomolecular Condensates at Bacterial Cell Poles Function to Drive Spatially Restricted Signal Propagation, Multi-Step 2D Protein Crystallization via Structural Changes within an Ordered Lattice. It is transcribed from three promoters; one is heat inducible, and the other two are induced at the transition from swarmer to stalked cell, coincident with the initiation of DNA replication. Human Frontier Science Program Cross-Disciplinary Fellow Tn5 insertions causing a general chemotaxis phenotype, an inability to reverse swimming direction and to form large swarm colonies, have been mapped to an 8-kb region of the C. crescentus genome. These results argue that PleA facilitates the assembly of envelope-spanning structures at the cell pole. We demonstrate here that the expression of the Escherichia coli chemoreceptor gene tsr, with 2.6 kilobases of its upstream sequence, is temporally controlled in Caulobacter crescentus. Society of General Physiology, 2002-present. The dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus provides a simple model for cellular differentiation. Driks, A., Schoenlein, P. V., DeRosier, D. J., Shapiro, L., Ely, B. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FATTY-ACID BETA-OXIDATION ENZYMES FROM CAULOBACTER-CRESCENTUS. In the recent years, considerable advances have been made towards understanding the structure and function of the bacterial chromosome. Because typical organic fluorophores can emit significantly more photons than average fluorescent proteins, organic fluorophores have a potential advantage in super-resolution imaging schemes, but targeting to specific cellular proteins must be provided. Currently: Assistant Professor of Biomedical Sciences At room temperature, the ratio of roGFP2 emission brightness when excited at 425 nm or 488 nm is known to report on the local redox potential. Dye, N. A., Pincus, Z., Theriot, J. Transcriptional regulatory circuits provide only a fraction of the signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms that control the bacterial cell cycle. View details for Web of Science ID A1989R820200026. Carbon starvation activates DnaA proteolysis (B. Gorbatyuk and G. T. Marczynski, Mol. The global transcriptional regulator CtrA controls multiple events in the Caulobacter cell cycle, including the initiation of DNA replication, DNA methylation, cell division, and flagellar biogenesis. The Department is a dynamic, interactive research community situated in one of the world's best environments for biomedical research. The initiation of DNA replication coincides with the proteolysis of the CtrA replication inhibitor and the accumulation of DnaA, the replication initiator, upon differentiation of the swarmer cell into a stalked cell. Three mutant strains in which flagellar assembly was blocked at an early stage were isolated. By deciphering the underlying design principles, we hope to generate pure populations of these cell-types from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. The loss of ATP hydrolysis causes the SMC-E1076Q dimer to remain bound to both chromosomes, inhibiting segregation. We show that gas vesicles are exceptionally good acoustic antennae, experiencing strong acoustic forces relative to their nm size. Small invert repeat sequences were also found flanking the individual tRNA genes. Small noncoding regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play a key role in the posttranscriptional regulation of many bacterial genes. When ccrM gene expression is placed under control of a constitutive promoter, these chromosomal sites are fully methylated throughout the cell cycle. Homology modelling of the N-terminal atypical receiver domain of CpaE indicates that it has a conserved protein-protein binding surface similar to that of the polar localization module of the social mobility protein FrzS, suggesting a similar function. Point mutations in one of the DnaA boxes abolish replication in C. crescentus. We perform cryogenic super-resolution experiments in situ, labeling PopZ, a protein known to assemble into a microdomain at the poles of the model bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. [email protected], x=afarooq, Hongsun Guo, PhD Both mreB and mreC are essential, and depletion of either protein results in a similar cell shape defect. In the past several years, we have also focused on transcriptional regulation of expression of the channels, both in normal and pathophysiological states, such as during epilepsy, stroke and traumatic brain injury. Under such conditions the gene product itself, beta-galactosidase, is required to maintain intracellular pH, since such maintenance is clearly energy-dependent. University of California, Santa Barbara, Dr. Raymond Bourdeau Bayas, C. A., Schrader, J. M., Lee, M. K., Shapiro, L., Moerner, W. E. CauloBrowser: A systems biology resource for Caulobacter crescentus. John Vaughen in Tom Clandinin lab successfully defended his thesis titled Sphingolipid Control of Neural Circuits by Glial Catabolism. In an effort to understand the mechanisms that limit chromosomal replication to the stalked cell, plasmid DNA synthesis was analyzed during the developmental cell cycle of C. crescentus, and the partitioning of both the plasmids and the chromosomes to the progeny cells was examined. Biological Engineering, MIT View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1909798116. Ellen Min, SURF Scholar 2021 BS Computer Science, Caltech 2024 (exp) The methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) are membrane receptors that initiate signal transduction to the flagellar rotor upon ligand binding. We show that the Caulobacter HdaA homologue is necessary to restrict the initiation of DNA replication to only once per cell cycle and that it dynamically colocalizes with the replisome throughout the cell cycle. Their new paper establishes gas vesicles as genetically encoded seeds for inertial cavitation, bringing together cellular and physical therapy. This DNA contains sequence motifs that are common to other bacterial origins, such as five DnaA boxes, an E. coli-like 13-mer, and an exceptional A + T-rich region. Sam Shapiro The gliding motility of this bacterium is propelled by a nozzle-like structure that squirts a polysaccharide-containing slime from the pole of the cell (5). View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1001767107, View details for Web of Science ID 000276642100081, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2872457. Cell division and cell growth failed to occur probably because the mutant was unable to synthesize a membrane. Genetic regulatory hierarchy in Caulobacter development. We have identified a proline-rich polar protein, PopZ, required to anchor the separated Caulobacter crescentus chromosome origins at the cell poles, a function that is essential for maintaining chromosome organization and normal cell division. The precise and robust regulation of gene expression is a cornerstone for complex biological life. High temperature and other environmental stresses induce the expression of several heat shock proteins in Caulobacter crescentus, including the molecular chaperones DnaJ, DnaK, GrpE, and GroEL and the Lon protease. Thus, swarmer cells utilize at least two independent signaling pathways to relay carbon starvation signals: a SpoT-dependent pathway mediating the inhibition of DNA replication initiation, and a SpoT-independent pathway(s) that blocks morphological differentiation. However, all plasmids tested showed a ten- to 20-fold higher replication rate in the stalked cells than the swarmer cells. (a) In an in vitro reaction, C. crescentus phage phi Cdl major early mRNA synthesized in vitro by host RNA polymerase was processed by RNase III to yield RNA species which co-migrated with phage RNA synthesized in vivo in phi Cdl-infected cells, and (b) an in vitro transcript of a C. crescentus DNA clone containing the entire 16 S gene and part of the 23 S gene was processed by C. crescentus RNase III to yield an RNA product which co-migrated with 16 S RNA. Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology B.S. View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-10650-x. View details for Web of Science ID 000083885400003. M.D. This component was present in both swarmer and stalked cells and exhibited the sensitivity to endonuclease S1 expected for hairpin loops.
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