Jerry Hoose:The bar itself was a toilet. John O'Brien:There was one street called Christopher Street, where actually I could sit and talk to other gay people beyond just having sex. Narrator (Archival):Do you want your son enticed into the world of homosexuals, or your daughter lured into lesbianism? Martin Boyce:And I remember moving into the open space and grabbing onto two of my friends and we started singing and doing a kick line. Because to be gay represented to me either very, super effeminate men or older men who hung out in the upper movie theatres on 42nd Street or in the subway T-rooms, who'd be masturbating. A Police Department report from the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the start of the Stonewall uprising, is part of a small collection of newly released documents. And when you got a word, the word was homosexuality and you looked it up. Mike Wallace (Archival):The average homosexual, if there be such, is promiscuous. Oddball Film + Video, San Francisco at nytoday.com or in the morning, on The New York Times homepage or its New York section. Fred Sargeant:When it was clear that things were definitely over for the evening, we decided we needed to do something more. A CBS news public opinion survey indicates that sentiment is against permitting homosexual relationships between consenting adults without legal punishment. And there was tear gas on Saturday night, right in front of the Stonewall. I met this guy and I broke down crying in his arms. Martin Boyce:That was our only block. Once it started, once that genie was out of the bottle, it was never going to go back in. Stonewall riot primary source history: Debate over details and Stonewall Riots Internet History Sourcebooks Project Documents from the 1969 Furor Immediately following the Stonewall riots of June 27th 1969, a series of demonstrations There may be some here today that will be homosexual in the future. I would get in the back of the car and they would say, "We're going to go see faggots." Nice to remember that fighting the police is sometimes a necessary part of the struggle for liberation. Never, never, never. o A protest may turn into a riot when it involves the destruction of property, the use of weapons, or when it results in people becoming injured. According to all of these documents one of the main causes of these riots were sparked whenever they failed to pay off the cops. They had a warrant. Cloth, $99.00. They are taught that no man is born homosexual and many psychiatrists now believe that homosexuality begins to form in the first three years of life. It's not my cup of tea. Alexis Charizopolis other rioters, Wolfgang Podolski and Thomas Staton, whose involvement in the disturbances had not been documented before. Stonewall Riots Document A: New York Daily News 1. Virginia Apuzzo:What we felt in isolation was a growing sense of outrage and fury particularly because we looked around and saw so many avenues of rebellion. % The cops would hide behind the walls of the urinals. I was back living in my hometown of Bangor, Maine when I heard the news on the local radio station of the riot at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village. . You see, Ralph was a homosexual. What Happened at the Stonewall Riots? A Timeline of the 1969 First steps to freedom. The crime syndicate saw profit in catering to shunned gay clientele, and by the mid-1960s, the Genovese crime family controlled most Greenwich Village gay bars. BBC Worldwide Americas Raymond Castro Quentin Heilbroner The windows were always cloaked. familiar with those individuals to e-mail OutHistory.org. WebBusiness Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083) Documents Popular BANA 2082 - Chapter 1.1 Final Paper - COM 315 Summary Intimate Relationships - chapters 1, 3-6, 8-11, 13, 14 Ch. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:We were looking for secret exits and one of the policewomen was able to squirm through the window and they did find a way out. They began to jeer at and jostle the police and then threw bottles and debris. Janice Flood Jorge Garcia-Spitz When you exit, have some identification and it'll be over in a short time." Ed Koch, Councilman, New York City:Yes, entrapment did exist, particularly in the subway system, in the bathrooms. This set uses primary sources to explore the events preceding and surrounding the Stonewall Inn uprising as well as the aftermath of the riots in the gay liberation movement of the 1970s and 1980s. Slate:Boys Beware(1961) Public Service Announcement. I never believed in that. People that were involved in it like me referred to it as "The First Run." Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:And I keep listening and listening and listening, hoping I'm gonna hear sirens any minute and I was very freaked. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:The Stonewall pulled in everyone from every part of gay life. Lester Senior Housing Community, Jewish Community Housing Corporation And the police were showing up. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:And then the next night. These homosexuals glorify unnatural sex acts. WebWhile police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn on June 28, 1969. We'd say, "Here comes Lillian.". Well, it was a nightmare for the lesbian or gay man who was arrested and caught up in this juggernaut, but it was also a nightmare for the lesbians or gay men who lived in the closet. Here are my ID cards, you knew they were phonies. The shop had been threatened, we would get hang-up calls, calls where people would curse at us on the phone, we'd had vandalism, windows broken, streams of profanity. Judith Kuchar It was a raid. Stonewall Riots Essay The following titles link to fuller bibliographic information in the Library of Congress Online Catalog. (St. Martins Press, 2004). Police violence and bar raids did not end after Stonewall. And it would take maybe a half hour to clear the place out. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:They started busting cans of tear gas. Marc Steins The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History is a primary-source collection of the sort that a professor might assign in a class on social movements. They'd go into the bathroom or any place that was private, that they could either feel them, or check them visually. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:I had a column inThe Village Voicethat ran from '66 all the way through '84. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:What was so good about the Stonewall was that you could dance slow there. We heard one, then more and more. There was no going back now, there was no going back, there was no, we had discovered a power that we weren't even aware that we had. And if enough people broke through they would be killed and I would be killed. WebIn the early hours of Saturday, June 28, 1969, a riot broke out during a police raid of the Stonewall Inn, an LGBT bar. On June 28, 1969, the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, was raided by police. Even non-gay people. Leroy S. Mobley This online resource is a research supplement to Marc Stein,The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History(New York: New York University Press, 2019). And it was one of the fewif not the onlygay bar left that allowed dancing. In addition to launching numerous public demonstrations to protest the lack of civil rights for gay individuals, these organizations often resorted to such tactics as public confrontations with political officials and the disruption of public meetings to challenge and to change the mores of the times. Through the lenses of protest, power, and pride, We Are Everywhere is an essential and empowering introduction to the history of the fight for queer liberation. He brought in gay-positive materials and placed that in a setting that people could come to and feel comfortable in. Stonewall Riots Martin Boyce:Oh, Miss New Orleans, she wouldn't be stopped. So I run down there. ", Martin Boyce:People in the neighborhood, the most unlikely people were starting to support it. Diana Davies Photographs, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations None of the nine pages of reports We ought to know, we've arrested all of them. Find out how the Stonewall uprising sparked a new era of LGBTQ activism, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Theres a Riot Goin On: Riots in U.S. History (Part Two), 5 Important Places in Global LGBTQIA+ History. Dick Leitsch:New York State Liquor Authority had a rule that one known homosexual at a licensed premise made the place disorderly, so nobody would set up a place where we could meet because they were afraid that the cops would come in to close it, and that's how the Mafia got into the gay bar business. David Carter Danny Garvin:It was a chance to find love. Greg Shea, Legal Somebody grabbed me by the leg and told me I wasn't going anywhere. And the harder she fought, the more the cops were beating her up and the madder the crowd got. According to the documents the police allowed the bars to operate, overlooking violations in return for a percentage of the take. It is not comprehensive or complete; please send recommendations for additional primary sources by email [email protected]. Doric Wilson:There was joy because the cops weren't winning. David Carter, Author ofStonewall:There was also vigilantism, people were using walkie-talkies to coordinate attacks on gay men. If there had been a riot of that proportion in Harlem, my God, you know, there'd have been cameras everywhere. That's it. First you gotta get past the door. It meant nothing to us. and this is further reason to believe that.. One never knows when the homosexual is about. Americas first lesbian rights organization, The Daughters of Bilitis, was formed in San Francisco on September 21, 1955. Do you want them to lose all chance of a normal, happy, married life? We knew it was a gay bar, we walked past it. It gives back a little of the terror they gave in my life. Jerry Hoose John Marshall is listed as a representative for the Mattachine Society of Washington in the Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee Files, so researchers may wish to search that name specifically in the Kamney and Vincenz collections. Police raids forced them to disband in 1925, but not before they had published several issues of their newsletter, Friendship and Freedom, the countrys first gay-interest newsletter. Replace the bracketed text with your responses. Many alternative, independent, and left periodicals are available viaIndependent Voices--Reveal Digital. It must have been terrifying for them. Dick Leitsch:Well, gay bars were the social centers of gay life. Other images in this film are either recreations or drawn from events of the time. Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution WebFor the first time, in the seven documents obtained by Katz, the names of those arrested are not blacked out, providing the public and historians with important new evidence about WPA Film Library, Thanks to Saying I don't want to be this way, this is not the life I want. Danny Garvin:We were talking about the revolution happening and we were walking up 7th Avenue and I was thinking it was either Black Panthers or the Young Lords were going to start it and we turned the corner from 7th Avenue onto Christopher Street and we saw the paddy wagon pull up there. Yvonne Ritter:And then everybody started to throw pennies like, you know, this is what they were, they were nothing but copper, coppers, that's what they were worth. Virginia Apuzzo: I grew up with that. The Stonewall Riots marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement that has transformed the oppression of gays and lesbians into calls for pride and action. And she was quite crazy. And the Stonewall was part of that system. I learned, very early, that those horrible words were about me, that I was one of those people. The music was great, cafes were good, you know, the coffee houses were good. The Stonewall Inn was a sanctuary for drag queens, who were not always welcomed even at other gay bars. The concept behind the initial Pride march was formally proposed by lesbian activist Ellen Broidy (NYU Student Homophile League), who had written the proposaltogether with Craig Rodwell (Homophile Youth Movement). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The lights came on, it's like stop dancing. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:We didn't have the manpower, and the manpower for the other side was coming like it was a real war. Marjorie Duffield (Close reading) According to this document, which groups of people had strong attachments to the Stonewall Inn? It was the law. It was a nightly home for many runaways and homeless gay youths, who panhandled or shoplifted to afford the entry fee. Doing things like that. You know, Howard's concern was and my concern was that if all hell broke loose, they'd just start busting heads. "You could have got us in a lot of trouble, you could have got us closed up." Jerry Hoose:And I got to the corner of Sixth Avenue and Eighth Street, crossed the street and there I had found Nirvana. We had been threatened bomb threats. And we were singing: "We are the Village girls, we wear our hair in curls, we wear our dungarees, above our nellie knees." More progressives should keep that in mind these days. And all of a sudden, pandemonium broke loose. Tom Caruso Eric Marcus, Writer:The Mattachine Society was the first gay rights organization, and they literally met in a space with the blinds drawn. The police made several arrests and confiscated liquor. Dick Leitsch:It was an invasion, I mean you felt outraged and stuff like you know what, God, this is America, what's this country come to? by e-mail. Louis Mandelbaum John O'Brien:And then somebody started a fire, they started with little lighters and matches. an independent scholar and director of OutHistory.org, with help from David Carter, the author of Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution Producers Library And a couple of 'em had pulled out their guns. Raymond Castro:We were in the back of the room, and the lights went on, so everybody stopped what they were doing, because now the police started coming in, raiding the bar. Virginia Apuzzo:It was free but not quite free enough for us. Ellen Goosenberg And the police escalated their crackdown on bars because of the reelection campaign. And you felt bad that you were part of this, when you knew they broke the law, but what kind of law was that? You can also receive it via email. Historians have noted that the shift in activism, if Stonewall truly represented one at all, was a shift primarily for white cisgender people, as people of color and gender non-conforming people never truly had the benefit of concealing their marginalized identities. And as awful as people might think that sounds, it's the way history has always worked. Liz Davis We went, "Oh my God. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 2019, shortly before the 50th anniversary of the riots, New York Citys police commissioner, James P. ONeill, issued an apology on behalf of the police department saying, The actions taken by the N.Y.P.D. . And then as you turned into the other room with the jukebox, those were the drag queens around the jukebox. Participants of the 1969 Greenwich Village uprising describe the effect that Stonewall had on their lives. They really were objecting to how they were being treated. Dick Leitsch:And that's when you started seeing like, bodies laying on the sidewalk, people bleeding from the head. The most infamous of those institutions was Atascadero, in California. But instead of responding with the routine compliance the NYPD expected, Anger erupted after New York City police arrested 13 people during a raid at the Stonewall Inn, a bar and safe space for the LGBTQ+ community. Ed Koch, mayorof New York City from1978 to 1989, discussesgay civil rights in New York in the 1960s. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:The police would zero in on us because sometimes they would be in plain clothes, and sometimes they would even entrap. The Stonewall riots (also known as the Stonewall uprising, or simply Stonewall) were a series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the gay community in response to a police raid that began Andy Frielingsdorf, Reenactment Actors J. Michael Grey Barack Obama designated the site of the Stonewall uprising a national monument. Stonewall riots, also called Stonewall uprising, series of violent confrontations that began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, between police and gay rights activists outside the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in the Greenwich Village section of New York City. For the fiftieth anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, an anthology chronicling the tumultuous fight for LGBTQ rights in the 1960s and the activists who spearheaded it June 28, 2019 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Stonewall uprising - the most significant event in the gay liberation movement and the catalyst for the modern fight for LGBTQ rights in the United States. Colonial House (Sourcing) Who was Dick Leitsch? stream Documenting the Stonewall Riots: A Bibliography of morning and a round-up in Monday's print edition. Metropolitan Diary continues to publish! . It was as if they were identifying a thing. You were alone. WGBH Educational Foundation The Stonewall Riots are widely considered to be the start of the LGBT rights movement in the United States. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:And they were, they were kids. The stomping occurred around 3 a.m. on June 28, 1969, at the start of what would later be known as the Stonewall uprising, Since 1970, LGBTQ+ people have continued to gather together in June to march with Pride and demonstrate for equal rights. One was the 1845 statute that made it a crime in the state to masquerade. Stonewall Riots Accustomed to more passive behaviour, even from larger gay groups, the policemen called for reinforcements and barricaded themselves inside the bar while some 400 people rioted. So if any one of you, have let yourself become involved with an adult homosexual, or with another boy, and you're doing this on a regular basis, you better stop quick. Research assistance provided by Mario Burrus, Adam Joseph Nichols and Cole Souder. At one point, an officer hit a lesbian over the head as he forced her into the police van she shouted to onlookers to act, inciting the crowd to begin throw pennies, bottles, cobble stones and other objects at the police. Lynn and Louis Wolfson II Florida Moving Image Archives In 2016, then-President Barack Obama designated the site of the riotsStonewall Inn, Christopher Park, and the surrounding streets and sidewalksa national monument in recognition of the areas contribution to gay rights. We were going to propose something that all groups could participate in and what we ended up producing was what's now known as the gay pride march. A panel discussion on LBGTQ+ research on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising. I'm losing everything that I have. There was the Hippie movement, there was the Summer of Love, Martin Luther King, and all of these affected me terribly. Danny Garvin:He's a faggot, he's a sissy, queer. In 1969 the solicitation of homosexual relations was an illegal act in New York City (and indeed virtually all other urban centres). He said, "Okay, let's go." 1969 Stonewall Riots - Origins, Timeline & Leaders - History Suzanne Poli You know. John DiGiacomo I never saw so many gay people dancing in my life. Doric Wilson:When I was very young, one of the terms for gay people was twilight people, meaning that we never came out until twilight, 'til it got dark. You throw into that, that the Stonewall was raided the previous Tuesday night. Without police interference, the crime family could cut costs how they saw fit: The club lacked a fire exit, running water behind the bar to wash glasses, clean toilets that didnt routinely overflow and palatable drinks that werent watered down beyond recognition. 50 Years After Stonewall And it's that hairpin trigger thing that makes the riot happen. How do you Ensure And I ran into Howard Smith on the street,The Village Voicewas right there. Alexis Charizopolis Aaron Lecklider Journal of American History, Volume 107, Issue 3, December 2020, Pages 794796, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa438 Published: 01 December 2020 PDF Split View Cite I was wearing my mother's black and white cocktail dress that was empire-waisted. COMM 2081 - Chapter 8; Danny Garvin:Bam, bam and bash and then an opening and then whoa. Stonewall Riots (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). Stonewall Inn was registered as a type of private bottle bar, which did not require a liquor license because patrons were supposed to bring their own liquor. Two of the pages posted online were obtained in 1988 by Michael Scherker, a writer who sued the city to obtain some police records from the time of the uprising, and who has since died. In the Life So anything that would set us off, we would go into action. How Did the Rainbow Flag Become a Symbol of LGBTQ Pride? Stonewall (2015 film I guess they're deviates. Was he present at the Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. The mob was saying, you know, "Screw you, cops, you think you can come in a bust us up? He may appear normal, and it may be too late when you discover he is mentally ill. John O'Brien:I was a poor, young gay person. We take great pride in preserving the history of this groundbreaking event in Americas battle for LGBTQ+ equality. Danny Garvin:And the cops just charged them. Few photographs of the raid and the riots that followed exist. Mike Wallace (Archival):Dr. Charles Socarides is a New York psychoanalyst at the Albert Einstein School of Medicine. The Stonewall Riots (June 28, 1969) In 1969, a riot at the Stonewall Inn (later known as the Stonewall Riots) became a turning point in the fight for LGBTQ civil rights. Stonewall 25: Cases 1-2 - Columbia University The Catholic Church, be damned to hell. Martin Boyce:We were like a Hydra. Danny Garvin The five days of rioting that ensued changed forever the face of gay and lesbian life. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:Well, we did use the small hoses on the fire extinguishers. Somehow being gay was the most terrible thing you could possibly be. He was not present at the riot. In this lesson, students analyze four documents to answer the question: What caused the Stonewall Riots? David Alpert The Stonewall Riots served as a catalyst for the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world. So it was a perfect storm for the police. But I gave it up about, oh I forget, some years ago, over four years ago. This 19-year-old serviceman left his girlfriend on the beach to go to a men's room in a park nearby where he knew that he could find a homosexual contact. Daily News And I just didn't understand that. In particular, he cited the naming of Ms. Fowler as significant because some writers had questioned the extent or even existence of womens involvement at the inception of the uprising. Slate:In 1969, homosexual acts were illegal in every state except Illinois. Nobody. And the people coming out weren't going along with it so easily. All kinds of designers, boxers, big museum people. It is important to note that in addition to arresting LGBTQ+ people, first-hand accounts reveal the violence that police enacted on those they had arrested. Anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising The mayor of New York City, the police commissioner, were under pressure to clean up the streets of any kind of quote unquote "weirdness." We will continue to publish one item each weekday And we all relaxed. Stonewall Riots It is usually after the day at the beach that the real crime occurs. Document And that, that was a very haunting issue for me. Mr. Carter also said the documents corroborated information that had been provided to him by Seymour Pine, the police inspector who led the raid on the Stonewall Inn (and later expressed regret about the nature and Jerry Hoose:The police would come by two or three times a night. They put some people on the street right in front ofThe Village Voiceprotesting the use of the word fag in my story. For instance, solicitation of same-sex relations was illegal in New York City. Martin Boyce:It was another great step forward in the story of human rights, that's what it was. Jerry Hoose:I was chased down the street with billy clubs. Judy Laster Yvonne Ritter:I had just turned 18 on June 27, 1969. And they were gay. JNT2 Hannah Ingraham - Grade: 100%; NY Times Paywall - Case Analysis with questions and their answers. Martin Boyce:Mind you socks didn't count, so it was underwear, and undershirt, now the next thing was going to ruin the outfit.
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