A perforated state is a state that completely surrounds another state. With more 3.4 million square nautical miles (4 million square miles) of ocean, the U.S. EEZ is larger than the land area of all 50 states combined and is one of the largest EEZs in the world. Due to the vulnerability of the surrounded state, it is often vital for that state to maintain good relations with the perforated state that surrounds them. This area includes Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, and other U.S. possessions. 14 LOSC, Article 7. These disputes may involve issues such as the location of state or provincial borders, the rights to natural resources, or the allocation of tax revenues. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and is adjacent to the 12 nautical mile territorial sea of the U.S., including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or Learn a new word every day. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the previously mentioned resource rights and the law enforcement capacity to protect those rights. Located between the eastern and western halves of Libya, the Libyan government under Muammar Gadhafi in the 1970s attempted to draw a straight baseline across the Gulf of Sidra and declare it as internal waters. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). Topics Page Ch. Governments and other political actors often seek to expand their territory in order to increase their power and influence. In International Law the term territorial waters refers to that part of the ocean immediately adjacent to the shores of a state and subject to its territorial jurisdiction. He later worked as a teacher and researcher, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in Germany during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Boundaries Overview & Types | Physical, Political & Cultural Boundaries. An autonomous region is a region that has a high degree of self-governance and is able to make decisions on matters of local concern without interference from the central government. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means, Spanish Courses & Classes in Dallas Fort Worth. This method allows States to draw its boundary 60 miles from the foot of the shelfs slope.8 This expanded continental shelf cannot, however, exceed (i) 350 miles from the baseline or (ii) 100 miles from the 2,500-meter isobath.9. Resources are a more complicated matter. Territoriality is more complicated than just maps. Where are most colonies located today, who owns the largest in population, and who historically controlled the most? Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. States have the same sovereign jurisdiction over internal waters as they do over other territory. AP Human Geography Unit 4 | Geography - Quizizz The Law of the Sea is codified in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was adopted in 1982 and has been ratified by more than 160 states. These nations also opposed Libyas claim to historical use due to a lack of demonstrated usage and its large size. states' territory extending 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.15 statute miles) from the coast . 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Other States can harvest non- sedentary living resources, such as finfish; lay submarine cables and pipelines; and conduct marine research as if it were international waters (see below).10 As with the EEZ, continental shelf rights do not grant a State the right to restrict navigation.11. Under international law, within its defined EEZ, a coastal nation has: The United States claimed a 200-nautical-mile EEZ in 1983 (Presidential Proclamation No. To save this word, you'll need to log in. territorial sea noun : the part of territorial waters subject to the jurisdiction of a coastal state usually extending from mean low water mark on the shore or from the seaward limit of a bay or mouth of a river a marine league or 3 geographical miles outward to the open sea compare inland water Love words? According to the Heartland Theory, a government that controls Central Eurasia (much of Russia, some of Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. Accessed July 06, 2017. Most importantly under the new laws, states with coastlines now have territorial sovereignty over a breadth of sea up to 12 nautical miles away from their coast. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Non-living resources from the Area, which the LOSC refers to as minerals, are handled differently from fish, since mineral extraction projects are capital intensive to build and administer. Territorial dispute. Is AP Human Geography Hard? A Complete Guide | BestColleges If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact [email protected] for more information and to obtain a license. Up until the mid-20th century, the basis for international laws of the sea was a book called The Freedom of the Seas, written by Dutch philosopher and juror Hugo Grotius. Freedom of the seas definition is the doctrine in which coastal countries used to handle the topic of international waters. These include: To accommodate deeply indented coastline and fringes of islands along the coast, the LOSC allows for use of straight baselines.14 These baselines, drawn between features and coastline to created straight lines, allow States to create fixed points to deal with the wild distance variances caused by such features. . Much like internal waters, coastal States have sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea. The Law of the Sea definition is a doctrine created by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which covers the traditions and treaties set forth by countries to avoid conflict over the ocean. Gerrymandering History, Types & Examples | What is Gerrymandering? The high seas are considered to be a global commons, and are governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Mackinder is known for his work on the concept of the "Heartland," which he developed in his paper "The Geographical Pivot of History" (1904). Its area extends to 200 nautical miles from its coastline to the external maritime territories. . In many cases, political power is closely tied to territoriality, as the control of territory often confers economic, military, and symbolic advantages. A fragmented state is a state whose territory is physically divided into several distinct segments. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Organic Theory: Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) was a British geographer and political scientist who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Heartland," which proposes that the control of the interior of the Eurasian landmass is the key to global dominance. Due to the maritime features discussed later in this chapter, the U.S. has the largest EEZ in the world, totaling 3.4 million square nautical miles. Ch. 8 AP Human Notes.docx - *DIAGRAM! Topics Page It proposes that the "heartland," a region located in the interior of the Eurasian landmass, is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's land power. 0. Disputes may involve issues such as money, property, rights, or values, and they may involve conflicting interests or viewpoints. The rights of coastal States to regulate and exploit areas of the ocean under their jurisdiction are one the foundations of the LOSC. These zones give coastal States different jurisdictional rights. Here are a few examples of different types of boundary disputes: Territorial disputes: Territorial disputes involve conflicting claims to specific pieces of land or territory. At the same time, the control of territory can be used as a means of exercising political power, as the ability to regulate and control the use of a particular piece of land or water can give a group or individual a great deal of influence over those who depend on it. QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. The dispute has arisen from competing claims over island chains in the region by nations such as China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, among others. A prorupted state is a state that has a primary body of territory that comprises most of the state, but that also has a long extension that can dramatically increase the territorial power and significance of the country. He later worked as a teacher, researcher, and politician, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in the UK during the early 20th century. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means outside of and the prefix "en-" means inside of. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. The establishment of high seas was instituted by the Convention on the High Seas in 1958 and includes 63 signatories. AP Human Geography Unit 4. AP Human Geography AMSCO Vocabulary - Unit 4 Political Geography Using the Quizlet Vocabulary Link for Unit 4 Political Geography, review all the terms provided. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The continental shelf is a natural seaward extension of a land boundary. Boundaries can be established for a variety of reasons, such as to protect property or resources, to mark the limits of a political entity, or to distinguish one area from another. 200 . Irredentism is often fueled by a sense of national identity or by a belief that the territory in question should be reunited with the country in order to be "complete" or "whole.". Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide Flashcards | Quizlet It has also been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. answer. Guam is an example of an occupied territory. But, why do some states grow while others stay weak? All rights reserved. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. Post the Definition of territorial sea to Facebook, Share the Definition of territorial sea on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Mackinder's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Example of multiple countries claim over pieces of the North Sea in Europe. According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. . Political power refers to the ability of a group or individual to influence or control the decisions, actions, and resources of others. Typically, this must be peaceful and public.Prescription is similar to occupation, but concerns otherwise empty territory. Local Government Boundaries: Cultural & Political Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Overview of Human-Environmental Interaction, Forms of Governance: Unitary & Federal States, What is Sovereignty? Territory - National Geographic Society This area of the ocean is also a hot-button issue in terms of different countries claiming this territory. However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies. Freedom of the seas is the doctrine in which coastal countries handle the topic of international waters; each of these countries has complete dominion of the waters up to 3 miles off their coast. One classic example of an exclave is Alaska because it is not part of the contiguous continental United States. These elevations do not create any zones of maritime control on their own.21 If a low-tide elevation falls within the boundary of a States territorial sea as measured from the mainland or an island, that State may draw a baseline from the low-water line of the low-tide elevation rather than from the shore. Broadly speaking, for purposes of international law, a territory is a geographical area subject to the sovereignty, control, or jurisdiction of a state or other entity.In addition to land, territory includes adjacent waters and associated airspace. Boundary disputes can arise for a variety of reasons, such as changes in political or economic conditions, conflicting interpretations of treaties or agreements, or competing claims to natural resources or strategic territory. Cultural Hearth Overview & Examples | What is a Cultural Hearth? In addition to land, territory includes adjacent waters and associated airspace. Hugo Grotius wrote the doctrine because of an issue between the English, who claimed that Dutch ships were trespassing in English waters and took all the Dutch goods. High seas - The open waters of an ocean or a sea beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country. These resources encompass both living resources, such as fish, and non-living resources, such as oil and natural gas.4 States also have exclusive rights to engage in offshore energy generation from the waves, currents, and wind within their EEZ. Territorial Sea - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The Spratly Islands have been claimed, fought over, and continue to be disputed by numerous countries, such as the Philippines, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, and Vietnam. An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a sea zone over which a state has the right to exploit, conserve, and manage the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the seabed, subsoil, and water column. The intention was to define each country and its control over the ocean specifically.
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