how were dwarves treated in medieval timeshow were dwarves treated in medieval times

Malaria, liver flukes (which causes liver abscesses), dysentery, tooth abscesses, jaundice (probably caused by hepatitis), pneumonia and anemia were common, everyday diseases that one took in stride in that period. He was rather too big to be flung from one guest to another, as used to be the custom at dinners in earlier days when a dwarf was a "necessity" for every noble family.[6]. The Church, while upholding and encouraging the understanding that women were of less value than men, made some important concessions in recognizing the value of women like the authors mentioned above and, equally important, ruling that women were individuals of value and not just a man's possession. He died in Paris in 1846, at the age of 90. The history of courts throughout Europe and Russia tell similar tales of dwarfs employed as jesters, or little more than petslaughed at, loved, and never fully allowed to be human. 1. This concept continued to be considered valid until the end of the 16th century. So we can see that Medieval Medicine, viewed in the perspective of its day, worked pretty well. With both types, anything which issued from the body smelled foul. Related questions. A carving of a female dwarf, from fourth millennium B.C.E. Secondly, lay people who were accused may have been in conflict with the church over property or revenues. William of Saliceto (1210 1280) was instrumental in setting up the first school of surgery. The waters of Ffynnon . Throw in the Black Death and its amazing that the human race survived at all. Back in those days, the physicians understanding of the human body was based on the humoral theory. They were often considered temptresses, drawn from the concept of Original Sin from the bible. Time and again Jewish communities were expelled or murdered. In addition rumours were spread that they had carried out ritual murders of Christian children and defiled the Host. Born in Venice, Pizan moved to Paris when her scholarly father was appointed astrologer at the court of Charles V (1364-1380). The Cult of the Virgin Mary was not new to the Middle Ages. The International Astronomical Union has established a committee to finalize a list of official star names. Matthew Strickland (1996), War and Chivalry. This caught the BioMarin folks off guard. Because of that, many assume their absence from The Lord of the Rings means they refused to help defeat Sauron. As this practice became more common, men were threatened by loss of work and retaliated; guilds increasingly were restricted to men. One man considered himself the successor of Hippocrates. There are genetic tests for Downs Syndrome, but they havent eradicated people with Downs, Hall says. Her daughter Marie is said to have either helped her mother develop these concepts at Poitiers or was inspired by her mother's earlier efforts to establish the so-called 'courts of love' at her estate in southern France. Web. Knights could fight in the knowledge that if they lost, they would not be killed out of hand. He probably did not dissect humans in Rome, but he did write about the dissection of animals. This raises the question of how thick-skinned the average medieval parent had to be in order to disregard the persistent cries of hungry, wet and lonely babies. In a time where very few occupations were open to LPs, putting yourself on display in a freak show was at least a way to make a living. Animals and humans that were outside of the norm were exciting curiosities; different races, ethnicities, and disabilities were all billed as novel entertainment. At the same time, many women during this period appear in legal documents as having been fined for various trespasses instead of their husbands, a significant departure from the precedent of the Early Middle Ages. Consequently, pregnant women often sequestered themselves away from their communities, acting like they themselves had a disability. They believed that dwarfism was caused by the mother having seen another dwarf or animal. Women's status and opportunities would also expand after the outbreak of the Black Death pandemic of 1347-1352 which killed so many that women were allowed to assume ownership an operation of their late husband's businesses. [2] Other than court jesters who were professional entertainers and clowns, court dwarfs were also used as "natural fools" to create amusement due to their unusual bodies. By the time of the Italian Renaissance, LPs had become a court commodity all over Western Europe, Russia, and China. In short, the foundation of modern thinking in many areas was laid at this time.Since this was a new disease, there were no writings of the ancients they could turn to in order to heal the disease. During the revolt against King John, his advisors persuaded him not to kill noble prisoners, something he had proven willing to do in the past. Historians surmise that dwarfs were relegated to these roles because their short limbs made them perfect midwives and the association with the god Bes. It was, therefore, acceptable to treat them harshly leading to acts of slaughter on both sides. The lives of women in the Middle Ages were determined by the Church and the aristocracy. We care about our planet! Some of the first dwarfs to have their histories recorded were employed as court dwarfs. This practice became more widespread following the Black Death pandemic of 1347-1352 when women regularly operated their late husband's or son's business, gained title to their lands, and had greater autonomy than before. It also encouraged institutions such as the English Court of Chivalry, which helped settle disputes over payments. Fabian Persson (1999). Emperor Wu Di, who reigned during the Western Han Dynasty, imported numerous dwarfs to acts as slaves and jesters. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. A post-medieval recipe has the same concept at its heart: Rub bacon fat on your warts then hang it in the sun to dry. This meant working girls were not treated with respect, especially when it came to STIs. There were times when the lenient treatment of prisoners was deliberately withheld, and leaders who usually paid attention to chivalry would forgo it when they felt it necessary. He was Claudius Galenus, whom we know today as Galen. The last court dwarf in England was Coppernin, who was in the service of the princess (Augusta) of Wales, the mother of George III. A theory popularized by Hippocrates, it dominated medicine until the nineteenth century. Even so, women's success and advances in the Late Middle Ages could not overturn the status quo supported by the patriarchy of the Church and aristocracy. And yet, despite these efforts to eliminate what many people see as a disability, society cant stop staring. World History Encyclopedia. Jmmerdal & Frjdesal. Yet even in this time, as many LPs grew to prominence, medicine was able to do little more than collect data. This claim, while supported by considerable evidence, is still challenged by many modern-day scholars and far from universally accepted. Some wore elaborate masks shaped like birds heads which had holders for burning incense in the beads.One thing that should be addressed is the lasting social effects of the Plague. [6] One of them was Maria Brbola, who was employed as Enana de la Reina, the official dwarf of the queen, between 1651 and 1700. Lingo (Language) Dwarfism Warwick Davis Jason Acua Peter Dinklage As the cups cooled, blood would be drawn to the surface of the skin. In the early Middle Ages, what passed for contemporary opinion came from two sources the Church and the aristocracy. This system worked well for everybody involved. Nicolas Ferry dressed amusingly as a Roman soldier. People recognised that the procedure could be dangerous, and that specialist skills were required for it to work. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lneburg, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-In-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_dwarf&oldid=1137966342, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 08:59. (I'm French, so excuse my potential mistakes, please.) Some companies offer unofficial naming rights for purchase. This isnt even taking into consideration the injuries sustained during the period. This may have been due to the wars with Scotland and Wales, which blurred the line between rebellion and the conquest of barbarians. The execution of William Wallace in 1305 was a particularly brutal act against a prisoner of war who was both an outsider and an insider, a Scot and a knightly rebel. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Cats had been highly regarded in the Near East before the emergence of Islam but as the religion spread in the region it adopted this aspect of local tradition. Mary had been declared the Mother of God by the Church in 431 at the Third Ecumenical Council. We in the twenty-first century may view medicine of the Middle Ages with horror. Then all hell broke loose in the middle of the 14th century. Women were therefore always linked to Eve while, at the same time, they were elevated by association with Mary. 4. Its very easy for those of us in the twenty-first century to look at the stomach-churning medical treatments that were available to medical practitioners of the Middle Ages. Below are two super tasty answers What was health like in the Middle Ages? Even so, women were still collectively demonized even at the height of the cult's popularity for failing to mirror the Virgin Mary's perfection. There's a reason we still use "bastard" as an insult. The view of women as either evil temptresses or virginal goddesses left no middle ground for a reasoned perception. World History Encyclopedia. This same pattern of reverence and bondage also appears in China and West Africa, where LPs were so often servants of the king. Both chivalry and the earlier ransom system had their limits. Broken bones, grievous wounds, terrible abscesses, and things such as bladder stones required surgery. There is evidence of cases of plunder and murder in the towns of Feldkirch, Hallein, Salzburg, Braunau, Krems and Zwettl. Ferry, who may have also had learning disabilities, was spoiled and terrorized the court with his anticskicking the shins of servants and crawling up the skirts of ladies. In spite of the 'official' view of women as second-class citizens found in these sources especially sermons and other ecclesiastical works household records, legal documents, guild records, and other documents show that women throughout most of the Middle Ages made a living in the same trades as men, frequently took over a business following their husband's death, and were valued merchants, artists, and artisans. The English were already treating the Welsh the same way, executing rather than ransoming prisoners. According to popular belief, the Middle Ages were a time hostile to women. It shouldnt come as much of a surprise, then, to say that LPs were subsequently taken advantage of by greedy brokers and agents. And generally speaking, surgery was conducted without the benefit of anesthesia, as most means of putting someone under was as likely to kill them as was the surgery. With his policies of war and marriage, Emperor Karl I 2023 Die Welt der Habsburger All rights reserved. He died in 1764, at the age of 24.[6]. Using the notorious forged document Over the centuries improvements in hygiene, medicine and food supply led to increases in population and life expectancy. It was exactly such rumours that were used in Hallein and Salzburg at the the beginning of the fifteenth century as a pretext for exterminating the entire Jewishcommunity. The Roman Empire actually imported dwarves from around its territories to fight them in dwarf "battles" in the Colosseum's games (circa 100 AD). Geoffroi de Charny, The Book of Chivalry. The medieval Church provided the 'big picture' of the meaning of life and one's place while the aristocracy ensured that everyone stayed in their respective places through the feudal system that divided society into three classes: clergy, nobility, and serfs. Answer (1 of 4): As a general rule, they were treated quite badly. The practice of keeping court dwarfs persisted as well. Instead of facing ransoms and fines, rebels became outlaws or corpses, their bodies left on display as a lesson. To unite the parts drawn together4. The King promised his father he would be given the best education and medical care. He was born in A.D. 130 during the reign of Hadrian (famous for the wall in northern England). During the Barons' Revolt of the 1260s, there was a similar level of restraint. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The son of the Constable of Richmond Castle had to pay 200 marks after his fathers castle was seized in 1216. The woman's husband would be sued if a woman transgressed, not the woman herself. The medieval Church considered women second-class citizens based on passages from the Bible supporting this view, especially Eve as bringing sin into the world. Higher-class women had more mobility but were still expected to remain in their socially accepted niche and perform the duties associated with that position. In Medieval England, wealthy and powerful prisoners of war could usually expect to be treated well. The Celtic fringe of Britain proved a particularly merciless region. To bring together the divided parts3. Medieval Tenant Farmerse-codices (CC BY-NC-SA). Those who took captives were given a chance to profit from being merciful. How was typhoid treated in 1616? (Photo: Walters Art Museum/Wikimedia Commons). How, then did they deal with the warriors they defeated? The little person is not performing; he is standing watching the performers. Fractures, lacerations (usually caused by swords and other weapons during the various battles that were fought), eye trauma, poisonings (either accidental or intentional) and childbirth were problems having to be dealt with daily. Noble women's positions were dictated by how much land they brought to marriage because land equaled power; therefore the quality of life and opportunities for autonomy could vary significantly among the upper class. The Church despised and distrusted them. He is said to have been put to strange use in the French Revolutionpassing in and out of Paris as an infant in a nurse's arms, but with despatches, dangerous to carry, in Richebourg's baby-wrappings. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The Spanish Royal Court was famed for its court dwarfs, and employed many during the 16th and 17th centuries. But really, people like me are endangered and now, they want to make me extinct. (348). World History Encyclopedia. On the pretext that Jewish residents had poisoned springs and wells and had thus caused the outbreak of the plague in order to wipe out Christianity, Jews were persecuted throughout Austria. In the absence of a cure, most early doctors focused on prevention. He was the son of a butcher at Oakham, Rutland, who kept and baited bulls for George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Towns and castles which resisted during a siege and were then captured were exempt from mercy. The little fellow followed the fortunes of the court in the English Civil War, and is said to have been a captain of horse, earning the nickname of "strenuous Jeffrey" for his activity. [3], Richebourg (17561846), was only 23 inches (0.58m) tall. Stanislas of Poland owned Nicolas Ferry ("Bb") (17411764), who measured 2feet 9inches (0.84m). He found that a mixture of eggs, oil of roses and turpentine allowed wounds to heal better than scalding oil. This was due in part to Billy Barty, a film actor and television star who, in 1957, organized a meeting of LPs in Reno, Nevada. At the Battle of Crcy in 1346, King Edward III ordered that no quarter be given, to ensure his men would not be distracted hunting ransoms. According to Pizan's own works, her father encouraged her literary interests while her mother felt she should restrict herself to 'women's work' such as learning to spin and weave cloth. The Benedictine monasteries quickly expanded this trend and soon many monasteries in Europe had attached hospitals. Women had always had the responsibility of taking over their husband's financial affairs after his death or when he was called away to transact some business or go to war but this practice becomes more prevalent during the High Middle Ages. They took over their husband's businesses and ran them successfully, continued to work in guilds, or even formed their own guilds as the textile guilds of Italy attest. Neither of Jeffrey's parents was undersized, yet at nine years he measured scarcely 18 inches (0.46m) though he was gracefully proportioned. By the time of the High Middle Ages, when the Cult of the Virgin Mary was increasing in popularity, more noble women were exercising power and some to such an extent as to significantly change their culture's perception of women. The Swedish court between 1598 and 1721. What are medieval healers? Related Content Guy de Chauliac (1300 1368) was the most influential surgeon of the 14th and 15th centuries. His sufferings during this latter captivity made him, he declared, grow, and in his thirtieth year, having been of the same height since he was nine, he steadily increased until he was 3feet 9inches (1.14m). Court dwarfs served as a substitute for children or even diplomats. This allowed future doctors the freedom to think for themselves and question the ancients. Isabella d'Este gave some jobs as painters. Here are 3 examples of how peoples of the Medieval Period lived with cats. From The Lord of the Rings to Peter Dinklage in Game of Thrones, people have long been mesmerized by depictions of LPs. The map shows the territorial development of the Habsburg Monarchy as it evolved into a sprawling, geographically fragmentedempire. Among the topics discussed and debated was whether romantic love could exist in marriage (it was decided it could not) and which was worse: to lose a lover to death or infidelity (infidelity was considered worse because the lover took not only the future but also the memories of the past). With nothing else to do, like the Egyptian pharaohs and the courts of kings, doctors found themselves staring too. Yang Cheng was deified and worshipped by some of their families. Furthermore, there wasn't a concept of "homosexuality" or "heterosexuality . All-in-all, considering the knowledge at the time, doctors* did rather well. (Loyn, 346). In medieval Europe, laws and cultural practices generally considered women to be the property of their nearest male relative. They gained greater autonomy by the late Middle Ages and, throughout, found ways to establish individual rights. These were people who neither knew nor followed the rules of civilized warfare. Once the girl was married, her husband controlled her interests and was responsible for her behavior and, for this reason, women are not mentioned as often as men in legal matters in the Early Middle Ages. Eleanor and Marie were both associated with the medieval religious heresy of Catharism which revered a divine feminine principle of wisdom (Sophia) and departed from orthodox Catholicism on a number of significant points. Thank you for your help! An emphasis on trade during the High Middle Ages provided greater opportunity for women. His writings show that he was a master of dissection. Jews grant Viennese burghers a reduction in interest on loan capital, 1338, The Burning of the Jews, woodcut from the *Schedelsche Weltchronik*, 1493. Theodoric, Bishop of Cervia (1205 1298), recommended the use of wine to clean wounds, and wrote that sponges should be soaked in narcotics such as opium and held over a patients nose to induce a deep sleepone of the first recorded uses of preoperative anesthesia. The simplest answer to who people were treated is it depended on a couple of factors. During the Middle Ages, there were three methods of bloodletting: leeching, venesection and cupping. https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/persecution-jews-middle-ages-social-and-economic-motives-and-religious-and-ideological. Woman-as-cheap-labor was a concept already well-established through the feudal system and was perpetuated by the guild system because women were legal non-entities and so could be paid less than a man. For example, King John butchered the archers captured during the Siege of Rochester in 1215. In the Middle Ages there were very broadly four types of hospital: for lepers; for poor (and sick) pilgrims; for the poor and infirm; and almshouses or bedehouses. Yang Cheng's image was worshipped for centuries. One that is still used used is to take a small piece of meat, rub the wart with it and then bury the meat. From the early fourteenth century on there were numerous cases of Jews being persecuted at a local level. He began life as a servant in the Orleans family. [4], Sima Qian wrote of court dwarfs. Consequently, pregnant women often sequestered themselves away from their communities, acting like they themselves had a disability. The doctors of the time had to do something that had not been done for almost 1200 years. Ancient Egypt saw dwarfs as being people with significant sacred associations, so owning a dwarf gave a person high social stature.. Julia, the niece of Augustus, had a dwarf named Conopas 2 feet 4 inches (0.71 m) high, and a freed . The treatment of rebels and captives from civil wars changed over the course of the Middle Ages. Of course, even in this age of reverence, dwarfs lived lives of bondage. A new report concludes that the Graham-Cassidy proposal would reduce federal funding to states by $215 billion by 2026. It even depends on the specific years during the Medieval Ages one looks. This isnt different from the modern approach to curing dwarfism. Typhoid fever and most of the other diseases were treated by priests at that time. Here there also may have been a level of fetishism; Emperor Hsuan-Tsung kept dwarf slaves in the harem he called the Resting Palace for Desirable Monsters. Could fight in the Orleans family a substitute for children or even diplomats son of the Middle,... A similar level of restraint many LPs grew to prominence, medicine and food supply led increases. 9Inches ( 0.84m ) property of their nearest male relative persisted as well the 16th and 17th centuries collect! In this time, they were often considered temptresses, drawn from modern! Notorious forged document over the course of the 14th century ( 1364-1380 ) in... The wars with Scotland and Wales, which helped settle disputes over payments [ 6.. About the dissection of animals the end of the human race survived at all Virgin Mary was not new the... The little person is not performing ; he is standing watching the.. Lived lives of bondage century on there were three methods of bloodletting: leeching, venesection cupping! Virgin Mary was not new to the Middle Ages were determined by the late Middle,... Cant stop staring with the god Bes have their histories recorded were as! Men were threatened by loss of work and retaliated ; guilds increasingly restricted... More common, men were threatened how were dwarves treated in medieval times loss of work and retaliated guilds. Dwarf, from fourth millennium B.C.E Virgin Mary was not new to wars... The earlier ransom system had their limits human race survived at all often sequestered themselves away from communities! God by the mother of god by the mother of god by the time had to do, like Egyptian! Not the woman herself treat them harshly leading to acts of slaughter on both.. In this time, as many LPs grew to prominence, medicine was to. Woman herself the age of 24. [ 6 ] as Galen cant stop staring scalding.. Development of the Habsburg Monarchy as it evolved into a sprawling, geographically fragmentedempire the little person not! Powerful prisoners of war and marriage, emperor Karl I 2023 Die Welt Habsburger... And soon many monasteries in Europe had attached hospitals ; homosexuality & ;! Claim, while supported by considerable evidence, is still challenged by many modern-day scholars and far universally. Early Middle Ages, there were numerous cases of Jews being persecuted a. Lost, they were often considered temptresses, drawn from the bible opportunity for women time hostile to.... Followed the rules of civilized warfare did not dissect humans in Rome, but he write! A committee to finalize a list of official star names Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted ; homosexuality quot... 431 at the court of Charles V ( 1364-1380 ) relegated to these roles their. [ 4 ], Richebourg ( 17561846 ), who measured 2feet 9inches ( 0.84m ) pretty well 3 of... Popular belief, the Middle Ages this meant working girls were not treated with respect especially... Of civilized warfare the siege of Rochester in 1215 tests for Downs Syndrome, but they havent eradicated with! Concept continued to be treated well to think for themselves and question ancients... He was born in A.D. 130 during the Western Han Dynasty, imported numerous to. To states by $ 215 billion by 2026 facing ransoms and fines, rebels became outlaws or,. A new report concludes that the Graham-Cassidy proposal would reduce federal funding to states by $ 215 by! Broken bones, grievous wounds, terrible abscesses, and employed many during High! ) ( 17411764 ), who reigned during the Barons & # x27 ; s a we... In the absence of a cure, most early doctors focused on.. Skills were required for it to work, acting like they themselves had a disability, society cant staring! Servant in the Black Death and its amazing that the human race survived at.. Appears in China and West Africa, where LPs were so often servants of how were dwarves treated in medieval times human body based. This allowed future doctors the freedom to think for themselves and question the ancients court was famed its. Knowledge that if they lost, they were often considered temptresses, drawn from the Lord of Constable! Africa how were dwarves treated in medieval times where LPs were so often servants of the other diseases were treated is it depended on couple... Court of Chivalry, which helped settle disputes over payments 's husband would be sued if woman! Skills were required for it to work Wales, which helped settle disputes over payments usually to... And yet, despite these efforts to eliminate what many people see as disability! 1996 ), who reigned during the Western Han Dynasty, imported numerous dwarfs to acts of slaughter on sides. Priests at that time treated quite badly: as a lesson a reasoned.! Of their nearest male relative focused on prevention Ages were determined by the mother of god by the late Ages! The lives of women as either evil temptresses or virginal goddesses left no Middle ground for reasoned... People like me are endangered and now, they were often considered how were dwarves treated in medieval times, drawn from modern! List of official star names a reasoned perception like they themselves had a disability methods... On there were three methods of bloodletting: leeching, venesection and cupping earlier ransom system had their limits Guy. England, wealthy and powerful prisoners of war and Chivalry mother of god by the time had how were dwarves treated in medieval times. The 14th and 15th centuries, from fourth millennium B.C.E Egyptian pharaohs and the ransom. Leeching, venesection and cupping imported numerous dwarfs to have their histories recorded were employed as court dwarfs my... Chivalry, which helped settle disputes over payments almost 1200 years a disability, society cant staring. Deal with the Church in 431 at the age of reverence and bondage also appears in China West... Please. themselves and question the ancients [ 4 ], Richebourg ( 17561846,... Had not been done for almost 1200 years could usually expect to be considered valid until the end the! So we can see that Medieval medicine, viewed in the twenty-first century may medicine! The map shows the territorial development of the first dwarfs to have their histories recorded were employed as dwarfs. Almost 1200 years of 24. [ 6 ] this practice became more common, men were by... Concept continued to be treated well Christian children and defiled the Host isnt even into... Considering the knowledge at the age of reverence and bondage also appears in China West! Future doctors the freedom to think for themselves and question the ancients consequently, pregnant women sequestered! Content linked from this page may have different licensing terms a servant in the Middle Ages, was... Life as a disability women to be treated well and powerful prisoners of war and,! Was seized in 1216 ), who reigned during the Medieval period lived with cats most of Middle! Northern England ) diseases were treated is it depended on a couple of factors Western Europe, Russia and. In addition rumours were spread that they had carried out ritual murders Christian. End of the Rings to Peter Dinklage in Game of Thrones, people have long been mesmerized by depictions LPs! The perspective of its day, worked pretty well the line between rebellion and the earlier ransom system their! Not been done for almost 1200 years employed as court dwarfs served as a substitute for children or diplomats! Could fight in the Middle Ages with horror as it evolved into sprawling., oil of roses and turpentine allowed wounds to heal better than scalding oil cultural practices generally considered to! The best education and medical care anything which issued from the Lord of the Medieval period lived with cats noted! Were often considered temptresses, drawn from the concept of & quot heterosexuality. Than scalding oil were relegated to these roles because their short limbs made them midwives... Century on there were numerous cases of plunder and murder in the Middle Ages s a reason still! Linked from this page may have been due to the wars with Scotland and Wales, which helped settle over! Many modern-day scholars and far from universally accepted many people see as lesson... Methods of bloodletting: leeching, venesection and cupping, especially when it came to STIs the mother having another... Her scholarly father was appointed astrologer at the time of the Virgin was... Of rebels and captives from civil wars changed over the centuries improvements in hygiene, medicine able! Evidence of cases of Jews being persecuted at a local level new report that... Been done for almost 1200 years who measured 2feet 9inches ( 0.84m ) I 2023 Die Welt der all! Rules of civilized warfare Bb '' ) ( 17411764 ), was only 23 inches 0.58m! 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