So, on Grimms (2011) view, grasping the relationships between the relevant parts of the subject matter amounts to possessing the ability to work out how changing parts of that system would or would not impact on the overall system. Epistemological Problems of Perception - Stanford Encyclopedia of And furthermore, weakly factive accounts welcome the possibility that internally coherent delusions (for example, those that are drug-induced) that are cognitively disconnected from real events might nonetheless yield understanding of those events. See answer source: Epistemology in an Hour Caleb Beers This view, while insisting that central beliefs must all be true, is flexible enough to accommodate that there are degrees of understandingthat is, that understanding varies not just according to numbers of true beliefs but also numbers of false, peripheral beliefs. Kelp (2015) makes a helpful distinction between two broad camps here. Making such an epistemological shift can then open up the possibility of communication with other-than-human persons in ways that few educational researchers seem able (or willing) to acknowledge (see Harvey, 2003). Bradford, G. Achievement. But is understanding factive? Both are veritic types of luck on Pritchards viewthey are present when, given how one came to have ones true belief, it is a matter of luck that this belief is true (Pritchard 2005: 146). A more sophisticated understanding has it that human beings and the other great apes descended from a common hominid ancestor (who was not, strictly speaking, an ape). One issue worth bringing into sharper focus is whether knowing a good and correct explanation is really the ideal form of understanding-why. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. This leaves us, however, with an interesting question about the point at which there is no understanding at all, rather than merely weaker or poorer understanding. Armed with this distinction, Pritchard criticizes Kvanvigs assessment of the Comanche case by suggesting that just how we should regard understanding as being compatible or incompatible with epistemic luck depends on how we fill out the details of Kvanvigs case, which is potentially ambiguous between two kinds of readings. In particular, as Pritchard suggests, we might want to consider that agents working with the ideal gas law or other idealizations do not necessarily have false beliefs as a result, even if the content of the proposition expressed by the law is not strictly true. Resists Pritchards claim that there can be weak achievements, that is, ones that do not necessarily involve great effort. This consequence does not intuitively align with our practices of attributing understanding. Strevens, however, holds that than an explanation is only correct if its constitutive propositions are true, and therefore the reformulation of grasping that he provides is not intended by Strevens to be used in an actual account of understanding. Autore dell'articolo: Articolo pubblicato: 16/06/2022 Categoria dell'articolo: fixed gantry vs moving gantry cnc Commenti dell'articolo: andy's dopey transposition cipher andy's dopey transposition cipher Pros and Cons of Epistemological Shift Epistemology refers to a dynamic concept that shows how humans understand knowledge, which entails how it is received, classified, justified, and transmitted in distinctive ways and at different periods in history. For example, if I competently grasp the relevant coherence-making and explanatory relations between propositions about chemistry which I believe and which are true but which I believed on an improper basis. The next section considers some of the most prominent examples of attempts to expand on or replace a grasping condition on understanding. epistemological shift pros and cons. If we consider some goalsuch as the successful completion of a coronary bypassit is obvious that our attitude towards the successful coronary bypass is different when the completion is a matter of ability as opposed to luck. For example, we might suppose that a system of beliefs contains only beliefs about a particular subject matter, and that these beliefs will ordinarily be sufficient for a rational believer who possesses them to answer questions about that subject matter reliably. For example: Although a moderate view of understandings factivity may look promising in comparison with competitor accounts, many important details remain left to be spelled out. Eds. How should we distinguish between peripheral beliefs about a subject matter and beliefs that are not properly, Understanding entails true beliefs of the form. In other words, S knows that p only if p is true. Kvanvig does not spell out what grasping might involve, in the sense now under consideration, in his discussion of coherence, and the other remarks we considered above. When considering interesting features that might set understanding apart from propositional knowledge, the idea of grasping something is often mentioned. Defends the strong claim that propositional knowledge is necessary and sufficient for understanding. What is the grasping relation? The possession of such judgment plausibly lines up more closely with ability possession (that is, (i)-(vi)) than with propositional attitude possession. There is little work focusing exclusively on the prospects of a non-factive construal of understanding-why; most authors, with a few exceptions, take it that understanding-why is obviously factive in a way that is broadly analogous to propositional knowledge. The cons of the epistemology shift that is a major - Course Hero Grimm, S. The Value of Understanding. Philosophy Compass 7(2) (2012): 103-177. Moral Testimony and Moral Epistemology. Ethics 120 (2009): 94-127. 1. Hetherington, S. There Can be Lucky Knowledge in M. Steup, J. Turri and E. Sosa (eds. It is controversial just which epistemological issues concerning understanding should be central or primarygiven that understanding is a relative newcomer in the mainstream epistemological literature. An influential discussion of understanding is Kvanvigs (2003). Shift in Epistemology.docx - Running head: SHIFT IN Epistemological assumptions are those that focus on what can be known and how knowledge can be acquired (Bell, 8). While his view fits well with understanding-why, it is less obvious that objectual understanding involves grasping how things came to be. The Varieties of Cognitive Success 1.1 What Kinds of Things Enjoy Cognitive Success? Solicitar ms informacin: 310-2409701 | [email protected]. Includes criticism of Kvanvigs line on epistemic luck and understanding. As such, Khalifa is not attempting to provide an analysis of grasping. Although, many commentators suggest that understanding requires something further, that is something in additional to merely knowing a proposition or propositions, Grimm thinks we can update the knowledge of causes view so that this intuition is accommodated and explained. [] Is it problematic to embrace, for example, a contextualist semantics for knowledge attributions while embracing, say, invariantism about understanding? In rationalism way of thinking, knowledge is acquired using reasons or reasoning. He suggests that manipulating the system allows the understander to see the way in which the manipulation influences (or fails to influence) other parts of the system (2011: 11). For In so doing, he notes that the reader may be inclined to add further internalist requirements to his reliability requirement, of the sort put forward by Kvanvig (2003). In . Nevertheless, distinguishing between the two in this manner raises some problems for her view of objectual understanding, which should be unsurprising given the aforementioned counterexamples that can be constructed against a non-factive reading of Bakers construal of understanding-why. However, this concern might be abated with the addition of a moderate factivity constraint (for example, the constraint discussed in section two above) that rules out cases of mere intelligibility or subjective understanding). A longer discussion of the nature of understanding and its distinctive value (in relation to the value of knowledge) than in his related papers. Kim, J. Nonetheless, Zagzebski thinks that believing this actually allows us more understanding for most purposes than the vastly more complicated truth owing to our cognitive limitations. The Nature of Ability and the Purpose of Knowledge. Philosophical Issues 17 (2007): 57-69. But, the chief requirement of understanding, for him, is instead that there be the right coherence-making relations in some agents collection of information (that is, that the agent has a grasp of how all this related information fits together. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014. Kelp, C. Understanding Phenomena. Synthese (2015). and Pritchard, D. Varieties of Externalism. Philosophical Issues 41(1) (2014): 63-109. Some (for example, Gordon 2012) suggest that attributions of propositional understanding typically involve attributes of propositional knowledge or a more comprehensive type of understandingunderstanding-why, or objectual understanding (these types are examined more closely below). Often-cited discussion of the fake barn counterexample to traditional accounts of knowledge that focus on justified true belief. epistemological shift pros and cons He says that knowledge about a phenomenon (P) is maximally well-connected when the basing relations that obtain between the agents beliefs about P reflect the agents knowledge about the explanatory and support relations that obtain between the members of the full account of P (2015: 12). With each step in the sequence, we understand the motion of the planets better than we did before. The Pros And Cons Of Epistemology. Summary This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Introduction Arguments Con Arguments Pro Ambivalence Concerning Relativism? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Must they be known or can they be Gettiered true beliefs? True enough. Philosophical issues, 14(1) (2004): 113-131. reptarium brian barczyk; new milford high school principal; salisbury university apparel store Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009. An epistemological shift: from evidence-based medicine to epistemological responsibility J Eval Clin Pract. A restatement of Grimms view might accordingly be: understanding is knowledge of dependence relations. A monograph that explores the nature and value of achievements in great depth. The root of the recent resurgence of interest in understanding in epistemology. Finally, Section 6 proposes various potential avenues for future research, with an eye towards anticipating how considerations relating to understanding might shed light on a range of live debates elsewhere in epistemology and in philosophy more generally. Pros and Cons of Epistemological Shift. Social Sciences - EssayZoo For example, an environment where ones abilities so easily could generate false beliefs of form despite issuing (luckily) true beliefs of the form
on this occasion. Consider the view that the kinds of epistemic luck that suffice to undermine knowledge do not also undermine understanding. Relatedly, if framed in terms of credence, what credence threshold must be met, with respect to propositions in some set, for the agent to understand that subject matter? Stephen P. Stitch: The Fragmentation of Reason. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 51(1) (1991): 189-193. Pritchard, D. Knowledge, Understanding and Epistemic Value In A. OHear (ed. However, if understanding-why actually is a type of knowing how then this means that intellectualist arguments to the effect that knowing how is a kind of propositional knowledge might apply, mutatis mutandis, to understanding-why as well (see Carter and Pritchard 2013). One reason a manipulationist will be inclined to escape the result in this fashion (by denying that all-knowing entails all-understanding) is precisely because one already (qua manipulationist) is not convinced that understanding can be attained simply through knowledge of propositions. Baker, L. R. Third Person Understanding in A. Sanford (ed. So too does the fact that one would rather have a success involving an achievement than a mere success, even when this difference has no pragmatic consequences. Discuss the pros and cons of the epistemological shift in an essay. In this Gettier-style case, she has good reason to believe her true beliefs, but the source of these beliefs (for example, the rumor mill) is highly unreliable and this makes her beliefs only luckily true, in the sense of intervening epistemic luck. Given that the instrumental value is the same, our reaction to the two contrasting bypass cases seems to count in favor of the final value of successes because of abilityachievements. Discuss the pros and cons of the epistemological shift in an essay. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. It should be noted that Hills 2009: 7 is also sympathetic to a similar thought, suggesting that the threshold for understanding might be contextually determined. Khalifa, K. Is Understanding Explanatory or Objectual? Synthese 190(6) (2013a): 1153-1171. Stanley, J and Williamson, T. Knowing How. Journal of Philosophy 98(8) (2001): 411-444. In other words, they claim that one cannot always tell that one understands. Longworth, G. Linguistic Understanding and Knowledge. Nous 42 (2008): 50-79. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. This is explained in the following way: If it is central to ordinary cognitive function that one is motivated to pursue X, then X has value in virtue of its place in this functional story. Regarding the comparison between the value of understanding and the value of knowledge, then, he will say that if understanding is fundamental to curiosity then this provides at least a partial explanation for why it is superior to the value of knowledge. Grimm, S. Is Understanding a Species of Knowledge? British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 57 (2006): 515-535. Hence, he argues that any propositional knowledge is derivative. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Understanding in Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fourthly, a relatively fertile area for further research concerns the semantics of understanding attribution. This point aligns with the datum that we often attribute understanding by degrees. This broader interpretation seems well positioned to handle abstract object cases, for example, mathematical understanding, when the kind of understanding at issue is understanding-why. Analyzes Kvanvigs Comanche case and argues that knowledge and understanding do not come apart in this example. Rationalism is an epistemological theory, so rationalism can be interpreted the distinct aspects or parts of the mind that are separate senses. To the extent that such a move is available, one has reason to resist Morriss rationale for resisting Pritchards diagnosis of Kvanvigs case. 13. The Value of Understanding In D. Pritchard, A. Haddock and A. Millar (eds. PHIL 201 AIU Philosophy Pros & Cons of The Epistemological Shift Essay For the purposes of thinking about understanding, some of the most important will include: (i) what makes a system of beliefs coherent? That said, this article nonetheless attempts to outline a selection of topics that have generated the most discussion and highlights what is at issue in each case and what some of the available positions are. To the extent that these worries with transparency are apt, a potential obstacle emerges for the prospects of accounting for the value of understanding in terms of its transparency. Rohwers inventive move involves a contrast case featuring unifying understanding, that is, understanding that is furnished from multiple sources, some good and some bad. For example, a self-proclaimed psychic might see someone trip and believe that he caused this persons fall. In a given context, then, one understands some subject matter P only if one approximates fully comprehensive and maximally well-connected knowledge of P closely enough that one is sufficiently likely to successfully perform any task relating to P that is determined by the context, assuming that one has the skills needed to do so and to exercise them in suitably favorable conditions.
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