kamikaze language techniques

This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. A fiery, violent suicide is reduced to an easy-to-solve trigonometry problem. Kamikaze | Teaching Resources It made sense to Japanese commanders to adapt these two already tested techniques to kamikaze warfare, particularly the simultaneous use of multiple aircraft. Garland's Perspective Michigan State University Press. For this reason, the indirect guard force and the direct guard force need to exert [effort in] confirming the battle result as much as they can. The artifact itself is fascinating just on its anachronistic visual qualities alone (p. 218), but as Bernhardt rightly notes, condemning its sexism is largely pointless, as a rhetoric of visual attractiveness will continue to exploit gender (p. 221). The Japan Times. In this worksheet, students will identify the language techniques used in both 'Kamikaze' and 'Poppies' and explain their effect on the reader. Kamikaze: Japans suicide gods. The instructions in these two manuals present an extreme example for ethics; namely, is killing yourself and others ethical? The year of the kamikaze. 8 but I am branded by an impression of sunlight. We will not reproduce all of them here, but will rather examine critical passages thematically. It is also, in our opinion, chilling. Indeed, the pilots wife never spoke again in his presence and the children eventually learned to be silent. The poem may explore themes such as sacrifice, duty, and nationalism fervour. Refine any search. What seems to be an escape from duty becomes, again, the single path, which, according to the next directive, must be followed right up to the instant of death: (32) As for immediately before the crash, as pressing the elevator(s) (down) completely by increasing the speed, it is important not to lose the sight of the target by closing the eyes for a split second. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. If the commander has doubts, he needs only to consult his manual. . The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. (1992). This was analysed using the scores from the EdPlace database with all activities taken by students managed by parent accounts between October 2018 and September 2019. Fortunately, the manual provides the solution, which is an order not to be disappointed and to prepare for the next attack. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 45(2), 115122. Pilot preparation shares an emphasis on mental and spiritual preparation with Manual 1: Transcend life and death. Have a specific question about this poem? family. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 46(3), 311341. Kamikaze is a narrative poem. . Fatal deliverance from an Iron Storm. It is also part of the more. Even the thoughts about what was seen below his plane are actually the daughters. We hope this analysis can serve as an initial effort toward future, fruitful rhetorical explorations of military technical communication, as well as the increased inclusion of such unique examples in curricula focused on writing instructional texts. Teachit is a registered trademark (no. Download. For this, it is necessary to seek any opportunity after arriving at a battlefield and also to be devoted in training to value, and use even one second of leisurely time (for a goal). We cannot connect the manual directly to the effectiveness of Togo unit discipline, but the existence of the manual and its arguments suggest that discipline was a concern. Shimpo, R., Masahide, O., Ealey, M., and McLauchlan, A. Worksheet. Of particular interest, given the growing interest in intercultural rhetorics, would be not only drawing further attention to the context of military documentation but how different militaries have taken differing approaches to the same mundane task. . And the living embodiment of all wonderful things from our past is the Imperial Family, which is also the crystallization of the splendor and beauty of Japan and its people. According to the text, Togo attacks were organized into groups of up to 10 planes, including a lead plane with a more experienced pilot who located targets, the Togo planes themselves, and escort planes that protected the attacking Togo pilots from American air-to-air fighters. In this desperate context appeared the Togo, an abbreviation rendered roughly special attack squadron (Togo is principally used in existing literature but may be transliterated as Tog or Togoo), which consisted of organized and officially sanctioned groups of desperate pilots willing to fly their fuel- and explosives-laden planes directly into American naval vessels in order to damage or destroy them and, thus, to forestall the invasion and national defeat. The theme of memory can also be explored in Poppies and the theme of the power of nature can be found in Ozymandias and Storm on the Island. theme. Garland's poem was in part inspired by this article, an interview with two kamikaze pilots. At that moment, you see your mothers face. If it were completely focused on officers, the manual would have concentrated more on matters of discipline; as is, the document is a blend between action and motivation. (Reprinted from Textual criticism: The legacy of G.P. The usefulness of prior examinations of instructional materials in the literature to our analysis is limited. Kamikaze: Flashcards | Quizlet In either case, it is necessary to choose appropriately the point of charging and its start time of the attack in order to get the expected result by crashing into the enemys ship. . This varies depending on the type of aircraft. War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy - Poem Analysis For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology. This emotional overlay serves to cushion doubts the pilots might havethe implication is that there will be no pain, only a closing moment of sublimity. This basic outline is repeated in Dive II, which offers shallower and deeper approaches, respectively, described further in Sections 2630. Her father embarked Manning and Amare note in their treatment of technical communication ethics that If we define all of ethics, as Peirce does, as the reasoned choice of actions to attain reasonably chosen goals, then this . Baer, G. W. (1996). Although the guard force and Togo troop often become separated if the battle begins in the air, it is necessary for the direct guard force to avoid being separated from Togo troop. pptx, 733.76 KB. These three modes of communication; the mental/spiritual, the technical, and the vivid; blend together here to create compelling content. Although his decision was made because of a deep desire to remain with his young family, the result was not that of a happy family unit. One hundred years of sea power: The U.S. Navy, 18901990. As such, we feel comfortable labeling the mission of Manual 2 as offering not only the logical reassurance and reinforcement offered by Manual 1, but emotional reassurance as well, in order to reach the final desired state. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2003). Smith, P. (1982). She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. Kamikaze is taken from her first collection of poems, The Invention of Fireworks. Technical Communication, 46(1), 4254. Kamikaze - Language Techniques - Group sort They will also gain an understanding of the wider context of the poem. Personification 13. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. The threat of invasion was real and the military situation desperate. These two Japanese military manuals, written to facilitate suicide attacks in wartime, serve as exemplar case studies of ethical extremes in technical communication. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. . Remember when diving into the enemy to shout at the top of your lungs: Hissatsu!, At that moment, all the cherry blossoms at Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo will smile brightly at you. 4 which, I am told, comes to the mildest city.. 5 The worst news I receive of it cannot break. The way the content is organized. As such, Manual 2 seems aware of the need to bridge across an interim state of confidence. 2. an airplane used for this purpose. Ten minutes at Midway. World War II Poetry AQA Power and Conflict - Loss - Kamikaze / Poppies - YouTube In the battle for the Philippines, approximately 500 pilots were lost in suicide attacks (Correll, 2015). (including. In these two cases, the manuals exhibit clear rhetorical strategies toward engaging their audiences: the young, inexperienced, and bushido-motivated Togo pilots, and their officers, charged with nothing less than successfully killing both the enemy and their own personnel. Its small size suggests that it could be carried folded or unfolded in a pocket to refresh ones memory or to quote from it. Given the approach speeds of the planes being over a hundred knots, it is good advice for increasing the chance of hitting the target. , or kami, refers to gods, the mind, and the soul. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(3), 249255. 30a tuna, the dark prince, muscular, dangerous. Pearson. Beauregards battle orders and Report of the First Battle of Bull Run. We also examine excerpts from another 1945 Togo manual (later referred to as Manual 2), 88 pages long, which is available only in English translation through the 2002 book Kamikaze: Japans Suicide Gods. . While there were still thousands of Japanese warplanes left, since the disastrous Battle of Midway in 1942, there had been a severe shortage of skilled pilots that was now crippling the war effort. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Markel, M. (2005). There are four images within Manual 1, which we will refer to as Dive, Formations, Attack Assignments, and Dive II, labeled as images 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The pilot is to head directly for the target and kill himself and others with the maximum amount of efficiency. Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2013). Language Techniques: Symbolism (geographical location), Imagery (paints a picture of his departure), Word Choice (allusion to being brainwashed), Metaphor, Simile (positive connotations), Simile, Symbolism (eternity connotations), Symbolism, Imagery, Italics, Sibilance, Word choice, Punctuation , Examples (direct quotes): Sunrise, Her father Select any word below to get its definition in the context of the poem. He realized he couldnt commit suicide and returns to his base. However, all of the images included in Manual 1 appear as appendices, which could have made referencing them in juxtaposition with directives cumbersome. University of Chicago Press. When you begin your dive, you must harmonize the height at which you commence the final attack with your speed. This blog explores the poem Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland, covering: Kamikaze is an early 21st century poem by the English poet, Beatrice Garland. Set around the time of the Iraq The powerful incantations line gives a reader a sense of the mystical and almost fanatical nature of the way the pilots were prepared for their journeys. This manual (later referred to as Manual 1) is 22 pages long and contains several distinctive images reproduced in this article. You feel that you are suddenly floating in the air. The poetic lines stuck with her and she says sometimes they were like sweets, something that could be saved up and enjoyed for their marvellous taste.. The technical instructions are helpful, though, like Manual 1, they are a bit vague, trying to hit a middle or moderate approach to figuring out the dive. In M. Flammia and K. St.Amant (Eds. Onomatopoeia 12. Contrary to popular legend, Japanese conventional pilots during the war were indeed issued parachutes, but most refused to wear them as they did not want to be captured and they got in the way of flying (Caidin & Saito, 1957). To further support the desired state, Manual 1 consistently strives to normalize its intended task of suicide attacks: (26) Although it varies depending on the condition, particularly the airplane types, weather conditions, etc., charging is [done] by a steep descent or extremely low-altitude flight. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70, 51167. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/us/a-nation-challenged-notes-found-after-the-hijackings.html. 'green blue translucent sea'. These two approaches, the dive and the horizontal, mimic the two common naval bombing techniques at the time: the dive bomber and the torpedo bomber. This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. All rights reserved. The expected result by crashing into the enemys ship is quite distant from killing yourself and as many American sailors as possible by flying your plane into a deliberate suicide attack. There is never any question about whether or not the attacks are unusual; they are presented as ordinary wartime maneuvers. Reconsidering power and legitimacy in technical communication: A case for enlarging the definition of technical communicator. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. It is like a long shot in a movie suddenly turning into a close-up and the scene expands in your face. Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's, Winner - Best for Home Learning / Parents. Dive Bomber! These are not objective instructions but rhetorical acts, and the extreme nature of the intended desired state make them excellent examples of such acts for pedagogy when demonstrating the wide range of the manual genre for students and instructors. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism. The rhetoric of misdirection in corporate privacy-policy statements. Journal of Business Communication, 47(2), 141168. The value of Bernhardts analysis, then, as with ours, lies in the ability to describe how the instructional rhetorical maneuveringin Bernhardts case, using sex to sell (p. 221) the need for vehicle maintenancefunctions uniquely within a military context. A sampling follows: (30) In the case of surprise attack, a very low altitude horizontal attack is to be [made] when the height of clouds is low, at night, at dawn, at dusk, or when using airplane types such as airplane 67 or airplane 45, etc., and in responding to the conditions at the time, [the troop] is to do a dive or a horizontal crash. So, this meant "god" or "god speaking.". A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. This distancing move may or may not have been intentional but, regardless, a dialogue about the spatial proximity of visuals and the text they supplement is an essential one in which students should participate. In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? 241260). This pilot however turns back and is forever shunned afterwards. 7879). In the West and in certain Japanese contexts, these pilots are typically called kamikaze, loosely translated as divine wind.. Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. The Rhetoric of Kamikaze Manuals - TechComm Early to middle 1945 saw Imperial Japan in near-complete disarray, both militarily and economically. Factors affecting the processing of procedural instructions: Implications for document design. At least 250 carrier pilots, a years graduating class, were lost at Midway alone (Horne, 2012). We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. The Emigre Poem Summary and Analysis | LitCharts This structure seems not only intended to overwhelm American air defenses, but also to maintain morale and discipline. If you are approaching the enemy from a height of 6,000 metres, adjust your speed twice; or from a lower height of 4,000 metres, adjust speed once. The concept of ikan-naku (completely, without remorse) seems odd to include if the pilots did not have any doubt; there is, then, a tacit betrayal of the possibly questionable nature of the order. She is not smiling or crying. Without specific orders to do so, and the military structure to enable the act, we suspect kamikaze attacks would have still occurred but would have been far rarer and disorganized. De Velasco, J. Additionally, there is a great deal of material and thought put into what kind of approach the plane should take, which depends on the situation. a kamikaze pilot. kamikaze | Mind Map - GoConqr A bargain and a time-saver all in one! I knew there was something wrong with that paper: Scientific rhetorical styles and scientific misunderstandings. Also, the claim that a successful attack opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military is telling in that, taken literally, the message is that the fate of the entire Japanese military is dependent on the success of the Togo squadrons. There is no indication that the manual was directed from a superior, suggesting that the officer who did write it may have done so at his own discretion, feeling that such a document would be useful to reinforce orders and serve as a training tool. Included is a comparative activity linked to English Language Paper 2. Analyse the Language Techniques Used in the Poem 'Kamikaze - EdPlace Garland discusses the poem in this short interview. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. This suggests, then, the possible presence of an unwanted state. The poem - Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - AQA - BBC Bitesize (1992). Fourth, Manual 1 serves as an excellent example of authoritarian professional discourse that was apparently effective to some degree, in the sense there are no documented instances of Togo pilots defying their orders. Overview - Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - AQA - BBC Bitesize With an EdPlace account youll be able to track and measure progress, helping each child achieve their best. How does Garland present her ideas in 'Kamikaze - ReadkonG "the little fishing boats strung out like bunting" "like a huge flag waved first one way then the other in a figure of eight" Through our rhetorical analysis of these documents and their unique context, we show that they, through procedure, reinforce the decision to become living missiles as a rational choice. And though he (p. 81). Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. The concept of "god" was originally represented only by the right part, . Assonance 3. Kamikaze definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary journey into history, but half way 3 for it seems I never saw it in that November. Her email address is [email protected]. Compare the Language Techniques in Both 'Kamikaze' and - EdPlace Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2007). You can see clearly the muzzles of the enemys guns. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). yes, grandfathers . Rhyme 10. Some may have flown but deliberately missed their targets, perhaps, but the existent diaries and letters cannot testify to the final flights. However, from everything about the Togo pilots that we have read and discerned, there does not seem to have been a practically significant morale problem among the pilots in that none are recorded to have backed out. Imperative 4. The theme of national identity can also be explored in the poem Checking Out Me History, The Emigre or The Charge of the Light Brigade. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 56(4), 294312. As technical communication professors, we first became interested in analyzing these manuals as particularly extreme examples of the genre that test the boundaries of what can be considered technical instruction. Track progress, measure results and access thousands of online tutorial worksheets in Maths, English and Science with an EdPlace subscription. As such, it presents the national identity of Japan in various guises. "Kamikaze" is a poem that describes the actions and mindset of the Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II. 'incantation' - a magic spell or chant 'bunting' - strings of flags, often used in celebration 'breakers' - big waves that come in to the shore 5 8. Adding motivational elements to an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on usability and motivation. The paper is inexpensive and it could be easily replaced if damaged, destroyed, or lost. Context - Kamikaze was written by Beatrice Garland, and was published in 2013. This complex task was chiefly undertaken by one of the authors who is a native Japanese speaker; her credentials also include a Ph.D. in literacy, culture, and language education and experience teaching multiple levels of Japanese.