Le bandit et son image au sicle d'or. Clearly, bandits had an interest in encouraging the interpretation of their actions as personal and personalizing rather than political. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. Wisbech, U.K., 1987. But for them, too, it is clear that the structure of their gangs was decisively shaped by people who had a permanent address. What does the name Bandit mean? On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to Beijing and executed. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. [40], "Bandit" redirects here. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry No evidence suggests that fish are particularly studious, so why is it a school of fish? In Crete, for example, extensive livestock theft was legitimated orally by reference to highly selective, nationalist accounts of the "freedom-loving" Klephts of old mentioned in in schoolbooks. During the Mexican Revolution, peasants formed regional bandit gangs to combat the encroachment of large haciendas or other forces of change that disrupted traditional Indian village life. According to German sources, three-quarters of Christian bandits whose parentage is known to us originated in the sedentary and integrated sectors of society. He was born in 1706 in rural Essex, the son of John Turpin, a small farmer. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. Terms for cowboy vary with the region. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. A Spanish attempt to drive away the buccaneers by exterminating the game animals on the islands backfired, leaving the buccaneers more dependent than ever on their raids of Spanish shipping. Bandit Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster ArCaLu/Shutterstock.com One of the most widely used names for a group of rabbits is a colony. Hart, David. Banditry employs a distinctive and extreme form of personal power and prepotency that requires constant reinforcement by means of a series of actions, such as selective generosity and magnanimity, as well as calculated arbitrariness. Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. Banditry - Wikipedia Political banditry often required outside support to be successful. In postindependence Greece Klephtic heroes figured prominently in nationalist rhetoric. However, in half of the German gangs studied by Uwe Dancker, wayfaring people (among them ex-soldiers, beggars) were overrepresented. It functions as a warning and a deterrence against further acts of violence. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. As a type of predatory, acquisitive, and violent action by groups of men (sometimes including women), banditry has a long history dating from ancient Greece, Rome, and China. [23], Bandits technique involved the martial skills to use various weapons, ranging from bows and arrows to swords. Sustained banditry required concealable, transportable wealth (cash, cash crops, animals, alcohol, narcotics) that left few traces. After wars, for example in the eighteenth century, veterans often roamed the country in predatory groups that some peasants regarded as bandits or brigands. The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers (sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. ." There is, for example, Stenka Razin, the insurgent leader of the Russian poor in the seventeenth century. -. There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). However, if you ever see a bunch of birds and cant identify the species, you can always refer to them as a flock without much issue. Throughout the Mediterranean, at least as far back as the eighteenth century, banditry has often been incorporated in nationalist and regional rhetoric. 139149. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Names for Groups of Animals - The Fact Site A particular feature of the German underworld of the eighteenth century is the rather high proportion of Jews among organized robbers. This group are usually the bad people. First, many bandit gangs emerged before the process of sugar plantation expansion began. Thus activities by bandits that had political implications (such as violence that kept the peasants cowed and docile) were often perceived as personal at the grass roots and hence of only limited concern, except to the participants. Like Robin Hood's Band of Merry Men, Kil-tong's group of bandits. J "Banditry La protesta rural en Cuba: Resistencia cotidiana, bandolerismo y revolucin 18781902. [22] This was especially troubling when soldiers lived physically far from their superiors: when soldiers committed robbery, civil officials had no jurisdiction nor power to apprehend them. Stories about bandits are therefore an intrinsic part of the phenomenon. The U.S. press and government officials of the 1920s termed Augusto Sandino's Nicaraguan forces "bandits" to discredit them. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bamnan (English ban). There, they find the . Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. The members of the gang were , Emmett "Em" Dalton, born in 1871, Robert "Bob" Renick Dalton, born 1869 and Gratton "Grat" Dalton, born in 1861. Robbed from the rich and corrupt like monks & local magistrates and gave to the poor. However, the date of retrieval is often important. ." Group of bandits (5) Crossword Clue | Wordplays.com More than most other social phenomena, the characterization of banditry depends upon how it is approached. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry //]]>. Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. [32], Even though bandits were subject to capital punishment, they could still be incorporated into the regime, serving as local police forces and personal soldiers employed by officials to secure order and suppress bandits. Explained: The bandits operating in Nigeria, who kidnapped 150 Ortalli, Gherardo, ed. In Latin America it was part and parcel of an expanding frontier economy. New Haven, Conn., 1985. School here comes from schle, the Dutch word referring to a group, troop, or band. Thats also where you get the word shoal, an alternate collective noun for fish. But piracy is a much more universal phenomenon. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. So does banditry become a historiographical discourse about order, justice, and freedom. If theres a boat but no water, you need to go back to pirate school. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. Molfese, Franco. Franchetti, Luigi, and Sidney Sonnino. An extreme form is contemporary political brigandage, which merges with political terrorism, blending political programs, covert violence, and protection rackets. After the selection and killing of the victim, whether the original offender or a surrogate, the body was often mutilated to underscore the significance of the act of revenge. The myth of banditry may well, therefore, have a double function. [27] Similarly, Zhang's comrades Liu Brothers and Tiger Yang had wives and children. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1992. Wilson, Stephen. Michel Foucault noted that the greater the spectacle of state punishment (and most glorifications of banditry by the peasantry date from the period immediately after the establishment of nation-states), the greater the risk that it would be rejected by the very people to whom such spectacles were addressed. In their typical form, most stories about bandits can be reduced to the following pattern: The triggering incident is a slight to personal or family honor by another family or individual of equal or superior status. London and New York, 1988. Blok asserted that analysis must encompass the wider society within which bandits operated. The political ideology of local elites and their relationship to the state is also important because bandits may either be co-opted by local elites as a means to resist the state (as occurred in Sicily in the immediate postWorld War II period) or, reluctantly, by the state, as in nineteenth-century Greece, where they were used for irredentist adventures and to threaten the supporters of rival politicians. Runaway slaves or maroons sometimes became highwaymen, stealing from travelers to survive. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. First, bandites d'honneur, heroes of the vendetta, exponents of personal honor on the periphery of society, are always presented on the horizon of the past, as traces of a nostalgic world that has been lost forever. Most animal studies emphas, Paramilitary Groups. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. Social Memory. Christon I. Archer, "Banditry and Revolution in New Spain, 17901821," in Biblioteca Americana 1, no. Unsurprisingly, this view of the South aroused the ire of local intellectuals and politicians. A group of bats can be referred to as a colony, cauldron, camp, or cloud. Female gang leaders were out of the question in early modern times, although some of the women associated with organized robbery, such as the famous German archthief named Alte Lisel, could well have commanded a band themselves. Few romanticized bandits actually lived the heroic, idealized lives attributed to them in popular culture or in Hobsbawm's social bandit model. Its meaning has changed across time and across disciplines. 2 (1982): 58-89. Manuel Garca put banditry and extortion at the service of the independence movement. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. Glanz, Rudolf. [14], Ming historian David M. Robinson identifies some prominent causes of banditry in the Capital Region. [26], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. Torino, Italy, 1983. Many bandit groups plagued rural areas, but towns and cities could also be the haunt of the medieval gangster. The mythology and rhetoric that surround banditry must be interpreted carefully. The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions A more recent phenomenon has come to light regarding Salvadoran gang members. As both families resort to banditry, deeming their acts of illegal violence morally just, they become marginalized. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. Davis, John, A. 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Tiger Yang once served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers. Nor was it because they lived or died "nobly." 2d ed. The four bandits were Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit. Myth and folklore color some famous bandits so completely that accurate historical depiction is difficult. Richard Slatta, Gilbert Joseph, and others have begun placing Latin American banditry in a broader, more comparative perspective. This means their equipment is in poor condition, and thus has somewhat lower than average stats. International Society for Civil Liberties and Rule of Law, a non-governmental organisation, has called on democratic forces in the country to urgently rescue Moss, David. Encyclopedia.com. Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. New York, 1979. In Greece the notions of atichos (luckless) and moira (fate) were equally prevalent. In sum, Latin American elites and masses both participated in banditry. In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. But do these words actually mean the same thing, matey? Violence and indiscriminate robberies alienated them from the peasantry. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. [34] Another example would be Deng Maoqi, a bandit in Fujian who perpetrated robbery on roads and in villages in the late 1440s. In reality bandits changed sides according to self-interest. Recommended for you Pages 129149. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. It was rather that, by being betrayed and killed or publicly executed, they achieved sacrificial status. bevy, family, romp, raft (when floating together). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. D for Donkeys A group of donkeys is called a drove. Being Bandits, almost all of their armor is torn, tattered, worn, battered, or frayed, and nearly all of their weapons are rusty, splintered, and bent. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. [33] Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless Liberators: Political Banditry and Cuban Independence (1989). Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 494503. Blok and others interpreted it in instrumental terms: violence ensures peasant submission. [21] Also, policies and conditions in the Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. Indeed, when used by state authorities, the pejorative "bandits" labels forms of violent resistance they cannot control except by equally brutal repression. Eg, SStartingCell=Valthume00. Manuel Garca's career as a profit-minded bandit antedated his service to the Cuban independence movement. Fears of banditry of this sort surfaced in 1789, during the French Revolution, and helped trigger rural risings. Another skill was the ability to deploy road blocks to stop and prey on travelers. Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. During the Ming Dynasty, military and civil jurisdictions were separated. SOES Bandits Definition - Investopedia Either they became symbols of betrayal by more powerful vested interests, or the violence of their executions, and the disassembly of their bodies as public spectacle, demonstrated the irrepressible power of the state over the individual. See more. Spanish bandits of this period operated in many parts of the country, especially in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, and Castile. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. As a legalistic and political-social category, banditry is formed by the impact of the state on local communities, and its meanings have changed across time to reflect these changing relationships. The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. And "La Carambada," a female bandit who dressed in male clothing, robbed travelers in Quertaro, Mexico, during the mid-nineteenth century. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. Although fear and protection are critical components of bandit power, they are not a sufficient cause for bandits' sustained prepotency. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. . E for Eagles BANDIT | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. What is a Group of Rabbits Called? You should by all means use these collective words to enhance your writing or add a neat flourish to your poetry, but avoid using them as some sort of official scientific designation or (worse) to correct people. Encyclopedia.com. [15] Furthermore, the Region's economy provided plentiful opportunities for highway robbery. [12], However, the Northern China and the middle Ming period (14501525) had their fair share of banditry. They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. The songs about the hardships of bandit life in Corsica, Greece, and elsewhere lament that becoming a bandit was far from glorious. Zugasti, de, J. El Bandolerismo Andaluz. On the Christian side the Knights of St. John, based in Malta, harassed Muslim commercial shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). They were known as train and bank robbers. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. A privateer was a pirate with papers. Some standard illustrations of bats often used in language include: 'In the dark, keep an eye out for a cauldron of bats hanging inside a cave.'. Violent retribution was "justice," a private affair not to be reported to the state. That eventually expanded to include creatures that werent hunted (like bugs), and usage that spread beyond just hunters. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. Top Ten Wild West Gangs Including the Outlaw "three-fingered Jack" [20] Policy of transporting nearby garrisons to Beijing for annual training also created opportunities for banditry. Snowden, Frank M. Violence and Great Estates in the South of Italy: Apulia, 19001922. Violence is targeted specifically against persons and properties (usually animals) of persons, and displayed through stories. 96 Words and Phrases for Group Of Bandits - Power Thesaurus In it I have a group of men who live in a castle and fight for the castle's lord. The population shared with rulers and governments the general feeling that pilfering beggars and occasional stealers of food and wood among the local poor were something one knew how to deal with. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). In the latter, banditry appears to have been more resilient, especially where a combination of external factors militated against turning pastoralists into peasants. Traditional banditry has often been accompanied by extreme violence in both its expression and its repression. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. and, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas.[5]. had marks left on them. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. The penal policy of the early modern state (public executions, large-scale patrols, printed lists of wanted persons) is a proof of this perennial threat. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. Zilberg, Elana. Peasant stories about bandits exhibit what Erick D. Langer has termed "a selective memory." Family feuds, endemic to the Brazilian backlands, moved Lampio to take up the outlaw life. Enter the length or pattern for better results. An effective and determined official, empowered by influential superiors or eunuchs, could pose a severe threat to bandits survival. If theres no water and no boat, youre just a regular bandit. banditry." The Latin American masses sometimes viewed bandits as heroes striking a blow against their rich oppressors. If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. Princeton, N.J., 1985. Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. Banditry can be defined simply as the act of taking property from another by using force or the threat of force. a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman hitman killer mugger murderer parricide poisoner Bandit Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. Bandits did not necessarily belong to the peasantry; they often belonged to those groups who sponsored or controlled the production of (often) literary symbols. Throughout most of English language literature, flock of crows far outweighed murder of crows, and until about the 90s, even group of crows was used more frequently than murder of crows. As in many stateless societies, the distinction between the private and the public (that is, civil society) had limited significance. A hares group is known as a husk, but the more used term that people would use is a drove of hares. 4 Encyclopedia Britannica Other sources, such as ballads, popular accounts, and oral historyoften bypassed by traditional historians engaged in depicting the history of the nation-state as the progress of civilization over barbarismconcentrated on bandits' roles as popular heroes. Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. In central and eastern Europe and in the Balkans, it was found in the countryside, in specific conditions (such as following wars and massive dislocations) and in specific periods, especially in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the modern nation-state was emerging. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [31] However, such patronage did not guarantee immunity. This desecration of the body also defiled the bandit or perpetrator. Bandits were portrayed in texts as outsiders and hence dangerous, as residues from the past and hence ambiguous, or as insiders and hence admirable. . window.__mirage2 = {petok:"EV6XD901GYmICFHXx6qFgPW3RpXZeJL5FpM.yILeC4E-86400-0"}; Brigandage moved from being a question of individual barbarism that the state had to extirpate by aggressive actions such as massive repression to one of collective measurement, documentation, education, and economic development. Comeche, Juan Antonio Martnez, ed. There is ample proof, though hardly needed, that vagrants and social bandits were brothers in hardship and frequently mixed with each other. A politically powerful family could insulate bandits from police and legal authorities. Privateering could be shady business, and this accounts for some of the lexical overlap with the word pirate. The collective name for a group of apes is called a shrewdness. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". Over time, the buccaneers attracted a multinational mix of adventurers and scoundrels, and they migrated to Tortuga, an island off the coast of Hispaniola, in 1630. Banditry in places like southern Italy and Sicily became the subject of numerous inquiries as well as massive army intervention. Corsairs were essentially privateers, although the term corsair carried an added religious connotation because the conflict was between Muslim and Christian powers. Prodded by my daughter Nadia who had taken . The term cow puncher or "puncher" is more commonly used in the southwest. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. 75107. [15] Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. Enter a Crossword Clue. The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as "Imperial ban". Bandit definition, a robber, especially a member of a gang or marauding band. The Tale of Hong Kiltong Siewert Flashcards | Quizlet Robbery, kidnapping, and murder all qualify as piratical activities, provided theres some water and a boat involved. As the name suggests, privateers were private individuals commissioned by governments to carry out quasi-military activities. By 1930, the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million. Geschichte des niederen jdischen Volkes in Deutschland: Eine Studie ber historisches Gaunertum, Bettelwesen und Vagantentum. Similar views were initially entertained by Byron about the Greek Klephts. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. The word "thug" traces its roots to the Hindi and Urdu word thag, which means thief or swindler, and which itself is derived from the Sanskrit verb sthagati (to conceal).. Louis A. Prez, Jr., Lords of the Mountain: Social Banditry and Peasant Protest in Cuba, 18781918 (1989).
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